Details for Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis

Name: Tipula (Pterelachisus) varipennis Meigen, 1818 Publication: Syst. Beschr. 1: 183 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): nigricornis Macquart, 1826; simplicicornis Zetterstedt, 1838; obscurinervis Wahlgren, 1905. Classification: Family Tipulidae Subfamily Tipulinae Keys: Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2016a (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Boardman, 2016 (craneflies Shropshire); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016d; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies) Variant spelling(s): variipennis habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 36 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, wing, wing, wing, wing, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (north), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia: RUN, RUW, RUC, RUE, North Caucasus; Turkey (Asiatic part: Artvin, Rize);; Russia: WS (south), ES (Irkutskaya oblast); Kazakhstan (east). Note: see the manual for abbreviations: present-day Russia. Region(s): Westpalaearctic;; Eastpalaearctic General note: Added: Estonia (Remm, 1986). In Spain known from Asturias (Eiroa, 1994), Huesca and Leon (Museum Naturalis, Leiden). For Finland check Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Hofsvang et al., 2019, and citations below. For Great Britain and Ireland check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. Map: Ashe et al., 2007a (Ireland); Boardman, 2007 (Shropshire) Biology: Hardy et al., 2020 (on high altitude craneflies). Figure references: Habitus: Quindroit, 2020a (male); Kramer and Morris, 2021b (female) Wing: Boardman, 2007 Immature stages Larva: Podeniene, 2003a Miscellaneous Heiss and Malec, 2023 (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Belgium Biology. Peeters, 2023: 233 (loc(s) Botanic Garden Jean Massart, Brussels-Capital Region, common spring species in wet woodland). Country not relevant Biology. Gudin et al., 2022: 399 (paper includes an updated catalogue of dipteran hosts of Tachinidae with list of the tachinid species involved; of the host records from Diptera, most are from larvae of Tabanidae and Tipulidae, with a few occasional records in other families). Denmark Habitat. Nielsen et al., 2016: 34 (trapped only in the so-called yellow dunes of the Thy National Park). Finland Habitat. Salmela and Vartija, 2007: 10 (very common in deciduous forests and moist habitats, citing Salmela, 2006). Biology. Salmela, 2008: 12, 26, 52 (49) (ecology or habitat: eurytopic, terrestrial; phenology). Habitat. Salmela, 2009b: 249, 258 (apparently able to breed in many habitats, including riparian forests, Baltic coastal meadows, herb-rich forests, meadows and rarely mires). Habitat. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 49 (habitats Aland Is). Habitat. Rasimus, 2018: 17 (on saproxylic craneflies in the Tampere region) (in Finnish). France Habitat. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160 (species with larvae in wet or drier grassland, citing Brindle, 1960c). Habitat. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 165 (loc(s) with habitat info, summary habitat) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020a: 22, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020b: 129-130 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 24, 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 18 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Germany Habitat. Schacht et al., 2001: 427-428 (abbreviated habitat information). Habitat. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Habitat. Heiss et al., 2017: 179-182 (overview of collecting methods and habitats). Habitat. Heiss, 2017a: 563, 568, 572 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups). Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Biology. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 318 (an Blute von Barberea vulgaris). Great Britain Habitat. Godfrey, 2001a: 21, 23. Habitat. Boardman, 2007: 26 (a woodland species found on acid or limestone soils, also along woodland edge and rides; occurs elsewhere in UK on some very obviously tree-free and remote environments such as on Shetland). Habitat. Horsfield, 2010: 189 (occurs in the uplands in species-rich grasslands up to at least 800 m but occurs at woodland edges in the lowlands). Habitat. Drake, 2011a: 26 (among the Diptera from a wet Alder [Alnus] wood in Devon). Habitat. Kramer, 2011j: 25 (a grassland species). Habitat. Stubbs, 2014b: 1 (loc(s) Scotland; see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Brighton, 2017c: 30, 44 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Biology. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Habitat. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: 26 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55); larvae occur in damp woodland soil). Habitat. Devlin et al., 2022: 35 (list of Tipulidae observations across Wales, 1976-2019, in paper on the impact of climate change; observations: 94; habitat: Woodlands). Latvia Habitat. Salmela and Vartija, 2007: 10 (Baltic coastal meadow and at a small brook surrounded by deciduous trees). Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene, 2001a: 84 (larvae were found in leaf litter in Alnus swamp). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003b: 12, 22-24, 29 (larval habitat: mud in bogs of low lying woody swamps, uppermost layer of soil (of western taiga type forest, of old deciduous forest rich in epiphytes, of herb-rich forests with Picea abies, under mosses), sandy loam under grassy vegetation or under fallings not completely covered by forest). Biology. Gorban and Podeniene, 2022: 8 (loc(s); reared from Ash [Fraxinus excelsior]; see paper for details). Luxembourg Habitat. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 353 (Waldart; Larvenentwicklung an feuchten Stellen des Waldes in der Streuschicht). Netherlands Biology. Peeters, 2023: 233 (common spring species in wet woodland). Norway Habitat. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 41 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Romania Habitat. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257, 260 (habitat in Dupa Lunca marshland: predominantly swamp with bushes and trees). Habitat. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 111 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Russia Habitat. Lantsov, 2002c: 114 (larvae under wet litter of deciduous forests) (in Russian) (information on the Teberdinsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve kindly provided by Vladimir Lantsov). Habitat. Saaya, 2010b: 1-17 (on the Tipulidae of Tuva: fauna, ecology and distribution) (in Russian). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): Country not relevant Phylogeny. Pilipenko et al., 2012a: 54, 60-62 (comparison, barcoding, phylogeny). Characters. Oosterbroek et al., 2013: 45-46 (comparison). Phylogeny. Men et al., 2017a: 67, 74 (barcoding, phylogeny). Immatures. Cai et al., 2023: 8-11 (larval comparison). Phylogeny. Gao, Y. et al., 2023: 233-235 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Song et al., 2023: 7-9 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Gao, Y. et al., 2024: 267-288 (complete mitochondrial DNA, phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Characters. Simmons, 2024: Abstract in part, see also page 13 (Halteres are shaped like drumsticks and beat up and down in time with the wings, acting as gyroscopes because yawing, pitching or rolling generate twisting forces in them. These forces are detected by campaniform sensilla (CS), domeshaped sensory cells in the cuticle that are mainly clustered into three fields. Compared [is] how haltere size, shape and CS number scale with body size in four clades representing different branches of dipteran phylogeny: tipulids (craneflies); tabanids (horseflies); syrphids (hoverflies) and calyptrates (e.g. houseflies, blow-flies). In relation to body size or wing length, tipulids had longer halteres than other clades [but] had the smallest number [of CS], associated with relatively ponderous flight; see paper for details). Phylogeny. Feng et al., 2025: 4-17 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra First record. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 80 (checklist). Austria Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2011: 50 (checklist Austria, list of provinces). Distribution. Hellrigl, 2012: 119 (loc(s) Sudtirol). Distribution. Reusch and Heiss, 2012: 343-351 (loc(s) Nat. Park Gesause, see PDF for months and altitudes). Distribution. Aistleitner, 2015: 97 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2016: 75, 81 (loc(s) Oberosterreich and Karnten). Distribution. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: 128 (loc(s) Osttirol, distr in Austria). Belarus Distribution. Palaczyk, 2001: 270 (loc(s)). Belgium Distribution. Peeters, 2023: 233 (loc(s) Botanic Garden Jean Massart, Brussels-Capital Region, common spring species in wet woodland). Bosnia-Herzegowina Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 54 (review literature). Bulgaria First record. Kolcsar et al., 2023a: 22 (loc(s) Sofia). Croatia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 54 (review literature). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary et al., 2005d: 37 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Denmark Distribution. Petersen et al., 2001b: 163 (checklist). Distribution. Nielsen et al., 2016: 34 (loc(s) Thy National Park). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2001a: 142, 149 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2002: 30-32 (loc(s) lake Iidesjarvi) (in Finnish). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2007b: 46 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2008: 12, 52 (49) (loc(s), known from all Finnish ecoregions). Distribution. Salmela, 2009b: 249, 253, 258 (known from all Finnish ecoregions, red-list status, distr, map). Distribution. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 49 (loc(s) Aland Is). Distribution. Pilipenko et al., 2012a: 54 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 230, 241 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies). Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 34 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2015: 109 (list of localities in extensive report on malaise-trapping of insects in conservation areas in Lapland in 2012–2014) (in Finnish). Distribution. Rasimus, 2018: 17 (on saproxylic craneflies in the Tampere region) (in Finnish). France Distribution. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160, 162 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Withers, 2008: 137 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Kramer and Langlois, 2019a: 76 (record(s) Ravin de Valbois, Doubs (25)). Distribution. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 165 (new and published records Ile-de-France, loc(s) Seine-et-Marne (77), Yvelines (78), Essonne (91), Hauts-de-Seine (92), Seine-Saint-Denis (93), Val-de-Marne (94) and Val-d’Oise (95)). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020a: 22, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020b: 129-130 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Labat, 2021: 93 (on Diptera taxa recorded along the over-all length of the Dordogne River and some of its tributaries; see paper for the locality details) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 24, 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Tissot et al., 2021: 217 (the Diptera of the Reserves Naturelles Nationales du Doubs (25), results of Malaise trapping since 2009) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 18 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 35 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Hauts-de-France region). Distribution. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: 8 (loc(s) Cote-d'Or (21), Jura (39), Vosges (88)). Distribution. Tillier et al., 2023: 177-178 (loc(s) Doubs (25), Jura (39) and Haute-Saone (70), with list of altitude(s) and habitat(s)) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Racine, 2025: 357 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Pays de la Loire region). Germany Distribution. Schacht et al., 2001: 427-428 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss, 2003: 14 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 4 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 90 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 38 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Merkel-Wallner et al., 2011: 214 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Distribution. Dunk and Kraus, 2014: 168 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Merkel-Wallner, 2014: 49 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2017: 169 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Heiss, 2017a: 563, 568, 572 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups). Distribution. Heiss, 2017b: 23 (checklist Tipulidae Thuringen). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2019: 252 (annotated checklist of the Tipulidae of Niedersachsen and Bremen, including the presence in the surrounding Bundeslandern and the Netherlands) (in German). Distribution. Heiss, 2019: 37, 44 (loc(s) and checklist Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, see paper for further details). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 241 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources). Distribution. Kehlmaier et al., 2021: 84 (loc(s) Baden-Wurttemberg). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 318-319 (loc(s) Hessen). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 329 (annotated checklist Hessen). Great Britain Distribution. Godfrey, 2001a: 21, 23 (recorded from sites in Shropshire and just over the country border in Montgmeryshire; see paper for details). Distribution. Corbet, 2004: 128 (loc(s) Durnbarnie Links, western Scotland). Distribution. Boardman, 2007: 26 (loc(s), map). Distribution. Anonymous, 2008b: 11 (loc(s) Shropshire: Preston Montford). Distribution. Skidmore, 2009: 124 (review of occurrence on the Western Isles of Scotland, distr). Distribution. Drake, 2011a: 26 (loc(s) Devon). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 10 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Kramer, 2013i: 8 (checklist of species from Leigh Woods NNR, Bristol district). Distribution. Hewitt, 2014: (provisional checklist Cumbrian Diptera). Distribution. Kramer, 2014c: 4 (in table of cranefly species recorded at Shapwick Heath NNR, as given in H. Audcent, 1949 and/or collected by J. Kramer in 2013). Distribution. Stubbs, 2014b: 1 (loc(s) Scotland; see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Wolton et al., 2014: 26 (among Diptera associated with a hedge in Devon, caught in emergence trap). Distribution. Chandler, 2015: 89 (loc(s) Bushy Park, Middlesex). Distribution. Brighton, 2017c: 30, 44 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Distribution. Showers, 2017a: 4 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Distribution. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: 26 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55); larvae occur in damp woodland soil). Distribution. Simmons, 2024: 13 (loc(s) near Newcastle upon Tyne). Ireland Distribution. Ashe et al., 2007a: 302, 324, 342, 353 (review Irish records, map). Distribution. Chandler et al., 2008: 6 (checklist). Italy Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2008c: 341 (annotated checklist South Tyrol [Prov. Bolzano]). Kazakhstan First record. Devyatkov, 2008: 140 (loc(s) East Kazakhstan, distr) (in Russian). Distribution. Devyatkov, 2022b: 26-27 (loc(s) East Kazakhstan, distr) (in Russian). Latvia Distribution. Salmela and Vartija, 2007: 10 (loc(s)). Liechtenstein First record. Aistleitner, 2011: 113 (loc(s)). Distribution. Aistleitner, 2015: 97 (loc(s)). Lithuania Distribution. Podeniene, 2001a: 84 (loc(s)). Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 28 (checklist). Distribution. Gorban and Podeniene, 2022: 8 (loc(s); reared from Ash [Fraxinus excelsior]; see paper for details). Luxembourg Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 351, 353 (loc(s), distr). Netherlands Distribution. Jong and Oosterbroek, 2002d: 41 (checklist). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2013: 43 (number of Dutch records, distr). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2013: 43 (number of Dutch records, distr). Distribution. Barendregt et al., 2019: 13 (loc(s) Vijheerenlanden). Distribution. Steenis, 2019: 18 (loc(s) Noord-Brabant, Biesbosch). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: 19 (Limoniidae and Tipulidae Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in 2018, Zuid-Holland). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Jong, 2020: 46 (Tipulidae Kaaistoep, Noord-Brabant). Distribution. Hoven, 2024: 15 (loc(s) Limburg). North Macedonia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 54 (review literature). Norway Distribution. Hofsvang, 2010: 13 (loc(s)). Distribution. Hofsvang et al., 2019: 118-120, 144-145 (review Norwegian records, annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). Distribution. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 41 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Distribution. Skibinska and Chudzicke, 2007b: 78 (checklist) (as variipennis). Romania Distribution. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257, 260 (loc(s) eastern Carpathians). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 232-233 (checklist Tipulidae). Distribution. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 111 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Distribution. Torok et al., 2014: 19 (checklist Romania). Russia Distribution. Lantsov, 2002c: 114 (on the faunal structure, biotope(s) and chorology of crane-flies of the Teberdinsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve (North Caucasus: Karachay-Cherkess Rep.)) (in Russian). Distribution. Lantsov, 2007a: 96 (on high altitude craneflies of the Caucasus, loc(s), distr) (in Russian). Distribution. Humala and Polevoi, 2009: 66 (loc(s) RUN: Kareliya) (in Russian). Distribution. Pilipenko, 2009a: 215 (annotated checklist Tipulidae Central European Territory, loc(s) RUC: Moskovskaya oblast, distr). Distribution. Saaya, 2010b: 1-17 (on the Tipulidae of Tuva: fauna, ecology and distribution) (in Russian). Distribution. Barkalov and Saaya, 2014: 65 (references Altay) (in Russian). Distribution. Jakovlev et al., 2014: 310 (loc(s) RUN: Kareliya). Distribution. Paramonov and Klepikov, 2014: 38 (loc(s) Yaroslavskaya oblast). Distribution. Ruchin and Pilipenko, 2015: 59 (loc(s), checklist RUC: Mordoviya Rep.). Distribution. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 101 (loc(s) RUC: Tverskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Hardy et al., 2020: 18 (on high altitude craneflies, in the Caucasus up to 2500 m, citing Lantsov, 2007, pers. comm.). Distribution. Pilipenko et al., 2020: 366 (loc(s) RUC: Mordoviya Rep., distr). Distribution. Saaya, 2020: 247 (loc(s) Krasnoyarskiy kray, Western Sayan Range; distr). Distribution. Saaya and Dragan, 2022: 96 (loc(s) WS: Khakasiya Rep., citing Savchenko, 1964, distr). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2023a: 22 (loc(s) RUE: Tatarstan Rep.). Serbia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 54 (review literature). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009g: 44 (loc(s) Polana area). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Slovenia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 54 (review literature). Spain Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 80 (checklist). First record. : 80 (checklist). Sweden Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 63 (loc(s) Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Switzerland Distribution. Dufour and Merz, 2012: 356 (annotated checklist canton Geneva). Turkey First record. Koc and Oosterbroek, 2001: 466 (loc(s), checklist). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Hellrigl, 2012: month(s): 5. Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 5-6. Heiss et al., 2016: month(s): 5-6. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: month(s): 5-7. Belgium Peeters, 2023: month(s): 5. Bulgaria Kolcsar et al., 2023a: month(s): 5. Czech Rep. Stary et al., 2005d: month(s): 3-6. Finland Salmela, 2001a: month(s): 5-6. Salmela, 2008: month(s): 6-7. France Kramer and Withers, 2007: month(s): 5. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: month(s): 4-5. Quindroit, 2020a: month(s): 5-6. Quindroit, 2020b: month(s): 4-5. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: month(s): 4-5, 10. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: month(s): 4-6. Tillier et al., 2023: month(s): 4-6. Germany Schacht et al., 2001: month(s): 4-8. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: month(s): 4-6. Heiss et al., 2017: month(s): 5-6. Heiss, 2017a: month(s): 4-5. Dunk, 2018: month(s): 3-5, 7. Heiss, 2019: month(s): 4-6. Kehlmaier et al., 2021: month(s): 6. Heiss and Malec, 2023: month(s): 4-6. Great Britain Godfrey, 2001a: month(s): 5. Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 5-6. Kramer, 2014c: month(s): 5. Stubbs, 2014b: month(s): 6. Chandler, 2015: month(s): 5-6. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: month(s): 4-6. Ireland Ashe et al., 2007a: month(s): 5-7. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2008: month(s): 5-6. Devyatkov, 2022b: month(s): 5-6. Latvia Salmela and Vartija, 2007: month(s): 5. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2011: month(s): 5. Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 5. Netherlands Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: month(s): 4. Hoven, 2024: month(s): 5. Norway Hofsvang et al., 2019: month(s): 5-7. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: month(s): 6-7. Romania Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: month(s): 5-6. Russia Lantsov, 2002c: month(s): 5-6. Lantsov, 2007a: month(s): 6. Pilipenko, 2009a: month(s): 5-6. Paramonov and Klepikov, 2014: month(s): 5-6. Ruchin and Pilipenko, 2015: month(s): 5. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: month(s): 5. Pilipenko et al., 2020: month(s): 5. Saaya, 2020: month(s): 6. Kolcsar et al., 2023a: month(s): 6. Slovakia Stary, 2009g: month(s): 6. Turkey Koc and Oosterbroek, 2001: month(s): 5-6. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 490-1720 m. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: altitude: 650-2180 m. Bulgaria Kolcsar et al., 2023a: altitude: 810-1250 m. France Labat, 2021: altitude: 1357 m. Germany Merkel-Wallner et al., 2011: altitude: <700-799 m. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2022b: altitude: 374-1465 m. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2011: altitude: 480 m. Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 480-500 m. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2022: altitude: 239-700 m. Romania Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: altitude: 670 m. Russia Lantsov, 2002c: altitude: 1000-2250 m. Lantsov, 2007a: altitude: 2200-2500 m. Hardy et al., 2020: altitude: 2500 m. Kolcsar et al., 2023a: altitude: 75-90 m. Turkey Koc and Oosterbroek, 2001: altitude: 550-1450 m.