Details for Nephrotoma flavescens

Name: Nephrotoma flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Publication: Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 586 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): lineata (Scopoli, 1763); histrio (Fabricius, 1794). Classification: Family Tipulidae Subfamily Tipulinae Descriptive note: Phylogeny: Jong, 1993. Keys: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 (Tipulidae Greenland); Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2013d (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Boardman, 2016 (craneflies Shropshire); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016c; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies) habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 32 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, ovipositor, wing, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Greenland;; Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (north), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia: RUW, RUC. Note: see the manual for abbreviations: present-day Russia. Region(s): Nearctic;; Westpalaearctic General note: For Finland check Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Hofsvang et al., 2019, and citations below. For Portugal check Oosterbroek et al., 2020, and citations below. For Great Britain and Ireland check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. Map: Jong, 1998 (general); Ashe et al., 2007a (Ireland); Boardman, 2007 (Shropshire); Oosterbroek et al., 2007 (Greenland) Figure references: Habitus: Kramer, 2013e (female); Mederos and Eiroa, 2017 (male); Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019 (male); Quindroit, 2020a (female); Kramer and Morris, 2021b (female); Tillier et al., 2023 (female) Head: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 Wing: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 Hypopygium: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 Ovipositor: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 Other figures: Oosterbroek et al., 2007 (thorax, abdomen) Immature stages Larva: Podeniene, 2003a; Podeniene et al., 2014 (first instar larva) Miscellaneous Mederos and Eiroa, 2017 (habitat); Quindroit, 2022d (habitat); Quindroit, 2023 (habitat); Heiss and Malec, 2023 (habitat); Tillier, 2025c (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Bosnia-Herzegowina Habitat. Graf et al., 2023: 34 (inventory of the upper Neretva, an unimpacted riverine system embedded in dense natural and near-natural forest; see paper for details). Bulgaria Habitat. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 1 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). Country not relevant Biology. Eberhard, 2025: 1-17 (one of the species discussed in a detailed study, with an extensive review of the literature, on genital behaviour in crane flies, testing hypotheses for genital evolution; observations of genital behaviour during copulation in 45 species in 21 genera and subgenera, the most extensive sample of genital behaviour in any comparable group of animals, show a combination of trends that fits better with the stimulation version of the cryptic female choice hypothesis than with any of the other hypotheses commonly cited to explain rapid divergent genital evolution; see paper for details). Denmark Habitat. Nielsen et al., 2016: 34 (primarily in the so-called grey dunes of the Thy National Park). Habitat. Byriel and Rojas, 2017: 118 (among the 101 species in a study on cranefly hotspots in unmanaged and managed forests) (in Danish). Biology. Byriel et al., 2025a: (one of the 104 species, in the dataset belonging to Byriel et al., 2025b, on crane fly diversity in Danish forest wetlands, and how unmanaged forest swamps benefit saproxylic and soil-inhabiting crane fly communities; see papers for details). France Habitat. Dufour, 2003b: 85 (loc(s) with information on habitat(s)) (in French). Habitat. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160 (species with larvae in drier grassland on a more sandy substrate). Habitat. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 150-151 (loc(s) with habitat info, summary habitat) (in French). Habitat. Tillier and Oosterbroek, 2019: 228 (loc(s) and distr Mercantour; habitat: foret de feuillus humide [wet deciduous forest]). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020a: 13, 16, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020b: 125 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Herbrecht et al., 2021: 57 (loc(s) Loire-Atlantique (44) based on malaise-trapping with notes on habitats) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Labat, 2022: 52-67 (preliminary study on Diptera of riparian corridors at several localities in France; supplements: loc(s) Puy-de-Dome (63)) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 13 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2022d: 419 (habitat photo loc(s) Ariege (09)). Habitat. Quindroit, 2023: 62 (loc(s) Hautes-Alpes (05)) [locality and habitat are not given in the text but with the habitat figure]. Germany Habitat. Schacht et al., 2001: 424 (abbreviated habitat information). Habitat. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Biology. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271, 273-274 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Habitat. Heiss et al., 2017: 178-182 (overview of collecting methods and habitats). Habitat. Heiss, 2017a: 562-567, 570 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups, species of open and especially dry biotops, but also foud in forest areas). Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 95 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Great Britain Habitat. Boardman, 2007: 17 (typical of dry grassland in summer). Habitat. Ismay and Ismay, 2010: 209 (characteristic for dry grassland). Habitat. Kramer, 2013e: 1 (female laying eggs in a patch of lawn moss [Brachythecium rutabulum]). Habitat. Boardman, 2015a: 1 (collected at an ex sand and gravel quarry). Habitat. Showers, 2015: 2 (on craneflies in moth traps at Pitsford Water Nature Reserve in 2013 and 2014, including information for the two traps and photos of their habitat). Biology. Boardman and Gilson, 2021: 10 (on the attraction of craneflies in general and of N. flavescens and T. (L.) peliostigma by lepidopterists sugar mixture, on an evening in july in a garden near Blewbury, Oxfordshire). Habitat. Devlin et al., 2022: 35 (list of Tipulidae observations across Wales, 1976-2019, in paper on the impact of climate change; observations: 88; habitat: Grassland and agricultural landscapes). Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene and Gelhaus, 2002: 70 (larvae in the riparian zone of river, between sand and leaf litter of Populus tremula). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003b: 11, 21-24, 28 (larval habitat: sand and silt in riparian zone of small rivulets, uppermost loamy layer of soil (in agrocenotic meadows and agrocenozes, of Tilia-Acer forests), sandy loam under grassy vegetation or under fallings not completely covered by forest). Biology. Podeniene et al., 2014: 153, 156-159, 167 (descr first instar larva, rearing, figs). Norway Biology. Hofsvang, 2010: 14-15 (discussed as potential pest in agricultural crops, phenology). Habitat. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 38 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Romania Habitat. Parvu, 2003: 234. Habitat. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257 (habitat in Dupa Lunca marshland: open swampy patches, shrubs along rivers and streams, swamp with bushes and trees). Habitat. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 110 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 74 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): Country not relevant Phylogeny. Kang et al., 2023: 735-741 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Description. Sivell and Sivell, 2023: 1-12 (presenting a genome assembly from an individual male; the genome sequence is 1,051.3 megabases in span; most of the assembly is scaffolded into four chromosomal pseudomolecules, including a partial X sex chromosome; the mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 18.9 kilobases in length; gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11,276 protein coding genes). Phylogeny. Song et al., 2023: 7-9 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Xu et al., 2023a: 5, 20-21 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Gao, Y. et al., 2024: 267-288 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Feng et al., 2025: 4-17 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Great Britain Figures. Kramer, 2013e: 1 (female). Characters. Boardman, 2015a: 1-2 (discussion on the isolated spot found below the anterior end of the lateral prescutal stripes, see photo of N. flavescens copula from south Shropshire). Greenland Key. Oosterbroek et al., 2007: 6-11 (key, figs). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Immatures. Podeniene et al., 2014: 153, 156-159, 167 (descr first instar larva, rearing, figs). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 79 (checklist). Austria Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2011: 45 (checklist Austria, list of provinces). Distribution. Aistleitner, 2015: 92 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2016: 68, 81 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Belarus Distribution. Palaczyk, 2001: 270 (loc(s)). Bosnia-Herzegowina Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Distribution. Graf et al., 2023: 34 (inventory of the upper Neretva, an unimpacted riverine system embedded in dense natural and near-natural forest; see paper for details). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2023b: 33 (loc(s)). Bulgaria Distribution. Hubenov, 2021a: 26 (checklist with summary of distr in Bulgaria, references). Distribution. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 1 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). Croatia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary et al., 2005d: 35 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Denmark Distribution. Petersen et al., 2001b: 162 (checklist). Distribution. Nielsen et al., 2016: 34 (loc(s) Thy National Park). Distribution. Byriel et al., 2025a: (one of the 104 species, in the dataset belonging to Byriel et al., 2025b, on crane fly diversity in Danish forest wetlands, and how unmanaged forest swamps benefit saproxylic and soil-inhabiting crane fly communities; see papers for details). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2001a: 142, 149 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2002: 30-32 (loc(s) lake Iidesjarvi) (in Finnish). Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 240 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies). Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 33 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). France Distribution. Dufour, 2003b: 85 (loc(s) with information on habitat(s)) (in French). Distribution. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160, 162 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Withers, 2008: 137 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 150-151 (new and published records Ile-de-France, loc(s) Paris (75), Seine-et-Marne (77), Yvelines (78), Essonne (91), Seine-Saint-Denis (93) and Val-d’Oise (95)). Distribution. Tillier and Oosterbroek, 2019: 228 (loc(s) and distr Mercantour; habitat: foret de feuillus humide [wet deciduous forest]). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020a: 13, 16, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020b: 125 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Herbrecht et al., 2021: 57 (loc(s) Loire-Atlantique (44) based on malaise-trapping with notes on habitats) (in French). Distribution. Labat, 2021: 93 (on Diptera taxa recorded along the over-all length of the Dordogne River and some of its tributaries; see paper for the locality details) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Tillier, 2021a: 41 (loc(s) Savoie (73)). Distribution. Labat, 2022: 52-67 (preliminary study on Diptera of riparian corridors at several localities in France; supplements: loc(s) Puy-de-Dome (63)) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 13 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 34 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Hauts-de-France region). Distribution. Quindroit, 2022d: 419 (habitat photo loc(s) Ariege (09)). Distribution. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: 5 (loc(s) Aube (10), Cantal (15), Charente (16), Jura (39), Loiret (45), Nievre (58), Puy-de-Dome (63), Somme (80), Vosges (88), Yonne (89)). Distribution. Quindroit, 2023: 62 (loc(s) Hautes-Alpes (05)) [locality and habitat are not given in the text but with the habitat figure]. Distribution. Tillier et al., 2023: 171-172 (loc(s) Doubs (25), Jura (39) and Haute-Saone (70), with list of altitude(s) and habitat(s)) (in French). Distribution. Oosterbroek in litt., 2024: (loc(s) Isere (38)). Distribution. Quindroit and Racine, 2025: 356 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Pays de la Loire region). Distribution. Tillier, 2025c: 263-264 (loc(s) Haute-Saone (70), habitat photo; habitat description in Tillier et al., 2026a). Germany Distribution. Schacht et al., 2001: 424 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss, 2003: 12 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 3 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Schumann, 2008: (species recorded from Brandenburg, including Berlin, after material present in the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin with specification of period of years). Distribution. Barndt, 2010: 289 (loc(s) Brandenburg). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 89 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 38 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Distribution. Dunk and Kraus, 2014: 168 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271, 273-274 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2017: 161-162 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Heiss, 2017a: 562-567, 570 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups, species of open and especially dry biotops, but also foud in forest areas). Distribution. Heiss, 2017b: 21 (checklist Tipulidae Thuringen). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 95 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2019: 248 (annotated checklist of the Tipulidae of Niedersachsen and Bremen, including the presence in the surrounding Bundeslandern and the Netherlands) (in German). Distribution. Heiss, 2019: 35, 44 (loc(s) and checklist Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, see paper for further details). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 238-239 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 315-316 (loc(s) Hessen). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 328 (annotated checklist Hessen). Distribution. Kehlmaier et al., 2023: 218 (loc(s) Saarland). Distribution. Kopetz et al., 2024: 210 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Stuke et al., 2024: 169 (loc(s) Niedersachsen). Great Britain Distribution. Boardman, 2007: 17 (loc(s), map). Distribution. Skidmore, 2009: 124 (review of occurrence on the Western Isles of Scotland, distr). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 8 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Hewitt, 2014: (provisional checklist Cumbrian Diptera). Distribution. Boardman, 2015a: 1 (loc(s) south Shropshire). Distribution. Showers, 2015: 2 (on craneflies in moth traps at Pitsford Water Nature Reserve in 2013 and 2014, including information for the two traps and photos of their habitat). Distribution. Drake, 2016: 22 (study on the relative importance to Diptera of pasture and ditch margins on Catcott Reserve, Somerset). Distribution. Robinson et al., 2016: 80 (list of terrestrial invertebrates of Mingulay Is, Outer Hebrides). Distribution. Showers, 2016: 2 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Brighton, 2017c: 30 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Distribution. Showers, 2017a: 4 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Boardman and Gilson, 2021: 10 (on the attraction of craneflies in general and of N. flavescens and T. (L.) peliostigma by lepidopterists sugar mixture, on an evening in july in a garden near Blewbury, Oxfordshire). Distribution. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: 7 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Sivell and Sivell, 2023: 3 (loc(s) Berdfordshire). Greenland Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2007: 4-7, 12-14 (review record Greenland, distr, map). Hungary Distribution. Toth, 2001a: 378 (literature records Somogy county). Ireland Distribution. Ashe et al., 2007a: 301, 308-309, 342, 351 (review Irish records, map). Distribution. Chandler et al., 2008: 5 (checklist). Italy Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2008c: 340 (annotated checklist South Tyrol [Prov. Bolzano]). Liechtenstein Distribution. Aistleitner, 2015: 92 (loc(s)). Lithuania Distribution. Podeniene and Gelhaus, 2002: 70 (loc(s)). Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 26 (checklist). Montenegro Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Netherlands Distribution. Jong and Oosterbroek, 2002d: 40 (checklist). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: 17 (Limoniidae and Tipulidae Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in 2018, Zuid-Holland). Distribution. Hoven, 2024: 15 (loc(s) Limburg). North Macedonia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Norway Distribution. Hofsvang, 2010: 13 (loc(s)). Distribution. Hofsvang, 2016: 135-136 (loc(s) eight regions, review records). Distribution. Hofsvang et al., 2019: 140-141 (annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). Distribution. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 38 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Distribution. Palaczyk, 2001: 270 (loc(s)). Distribution. Skibinska and Chudzicke, 2007b: 77 (checklist). Portugal Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 79 (checklist). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2020: 338 (distributed throughout Portugal, distr). Romania Distribution. Parvu, 2003: 234 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2006: 261 (loc(s)). Distribution. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257 (loc(s) eastern Carpathians). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 232-233 (checklist Tipulidae). Distribution. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 110 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 74 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes). Distribution. Torok et al., 2014: 17 (checklist Romania). Russia Distribution. Pilipenko, 2009a: 206 (annotated checklist Tipulidae Central European Territory, loc(s) RUC: Moskovskaya oblast, distr). Distribution. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 100 (loc(s) RUC: Tverskaya oblast) (in Russian). Serbia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009g: 43 (loc(s) Polana area). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Slovenia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 45 (review literature). Spain Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 79-81 (checklist). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Eiroa, 2004: 200 (records from the Balaerics in Eiroa and Baez, 2002b. refer to lempkei). Distribution. Carles-Tolra et al., 2006: 97 (loc(s)). Distribution. Aistleitner, 2011: 112 (loc(s) Asturias). Distribution. Hancock et al., 2015a: 242 (loc(s) Lugo). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2016: 125 (Barcelona: checklist Parc Natural Serra de Collserola). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2017: 188 (Barcelona: loc(s) Parc Natural Serra de Collserola, distr). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: 27 (loc(s) Lerida, distr). Distribution. Mederos et al., 2019b: 213 (Barcelona: checklist Parc Natural Serra de Collserola). Sweden Distribution. Salmela, 2010b: 134 (loc(s) Malmo). Switzerland Distribution. Dufour and Merz, 2012: 355 (annotated checklist canton Geneva). Distribution. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: 5 (loc: Grindelwald). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 5-6. Heiss et al., 2016: month(s): 6. Bosnia-Herzegowina Kolcsar et al., 2023b: month(s): 6. Finland Salmela, 2001a: month(s): 6-7. France Dufour, 2003b: month(s): 6-7. Kramer and Withers, 2007: month(s): 6. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: month(s): 5-7. Tillier and Oosterbroek, 2019: month(s): 6-7. Quindroit, 2020a: month(s): 5-7. Quindroit, 2020b: month(s): 5-7. Tillier, 2021a: month(s): 7. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: month(s): 5-8. Quindroit, 2022d: month(s): 7. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: month(s): 4-7. Quindroit, 2023: month(s): 6. Tillier et al., 2023: month(s): 5-7. Oosterbroek in litt., 2024: month(s): 7. Tillier, 2025c: month(s): 5. Germany Schacht et al., 2001: month(s): 5-8. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: month(s): 6-7. Heiss et al., 2017: month(s): 6-7. Heiss, 2017a: month(s): 6-7. Dunk, 2018: month(s): 6. Heiss, 2019: month(s): 5-7. Heiss and Malec, 2023: month(s): 5-7. Kehlmaier et al., 2023: month(s): 6. Stuke et al., 2024: month(s): 6. Great Britain Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 7. Boardman and Gilson, 2021: month(s): 7. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: month(s): 5-8. Sivell and Sivell, 2023: month(s): 6. Greenland Oosterbroek et al., 2007: month(s): 7. Ireland Ashe et al., 2007a: month(s): 5-8. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 6. Netherlands Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: month(s): 5. Hoven, 2024: month(s): 5. Norway Hofsvang, 2016: month(s): 5-8. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: month(s): (6-7). Romania Parvu, 2003: month(s): 6-7. Parvu, 2006: month(s): 6. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: month(s): 5. Kolcsar et al., 2013: month(s): 5-6. Russia Pilipenko, 2009a: month(s): 6. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: month(s): 6-7. Slovakia Stary, 2009g: month(s): 6. Spain Carles-Tolra et al., 2006: month(s): 6. Aistleitner, 2011: month(s): 7. Hancock et al., 2015a: month(s): 5. Mederos and Eiroa, 2017: month(s): 5. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: month(s): 6. Switzerland Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: month(s): 6. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 490-1100 m. Bosnia-Herzegowina Kolcsar et al., 2023b: altitude: 640 m. Bulgaria Hubenov, 2021a: altitude: 600 m. Hubenov, 2025b: altitude: 600 m. France Dufour, 2003b: altitude: 500-1120 m. Tillier and Oosterbroek, 2019: altitude: 1000-2092 m. Labat, 2021: altitude: 899 m. Tillier, 2021a: altitude: 1739 m. Quindroit, 2022d: altitude: 1900 m. Quindroit, 2023: altitude: 1900 m. Oosterbroek in litt., 2024: altitude: 1650-1750 m. Germany Heiss et al., 2017: altitude: 335 m. Stuke et al., 2024: altitude: 200-270 m. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 500 m. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2022: altitude: 239 m. Romania Parvu, 2003: altitude: 800 m. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: altitude: 670 m. Spain Carles-Tolra et al., 2006: altitude: 360 m. Aistleitner, 2011: altitude: 1350 m. Hancock et al., 2015a: altitude: 610-720 m. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: altitude: 960 m.