Details for Ctenophora (Ctenophora) pectinicornis

Name: Ctenophora (Ctenophora) pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) Publication: Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 585 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): nigrocrocea (De Geer, 1776); splendor (Harris, 1776). Classification: Family Tipulidae Subfamily Ctenophorinae Keys: Bygebjerg and Munk, 2005 (Danish Ctenophorinae (in Danish); Oosterbroek et al., 2006 (Westpalaearctic Ctenophorinae); Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2013e (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Men and Huang, 2014 (World species Ctenophora); Boardman, 2016 (craneflies Shropshire); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016c; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies) Variant spelling(s): pecticornis habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 32 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, wing, wing, wing, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France (incl. Corsica), Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia: RUW, RUC. Note: see the manual for abbreviations: present-day Russia. Region(s): Westpalaearctic General note: Added: Slovenia (Scopli, 1763). For Finland check Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Hofsvang et al., 2019, and citations below. For Great Britain and Ireland check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. Removed: Estonia (Kiruna, 2009). Map: Sorensen, 2002 (Denmark); Ashe et al., 2007a (Ireland); Boardman, 2007 (Shropshire); Kania et al., 2023 (Poland); Jentzsch et al., 2024 (Sachsen) Figure references: Habitus: Oosterbroek et al., 2006 (male, female); Brock, 2011 (male); Oosterbroek, 2012 (male, female); Green, 2014 (female); Whiteley, 2010 (female); Kowalczyk and Senn, 2017 (male, female); Showers, 2017c (female); Wolton and Davis, 2019 (female); Quindroit, 2020a (male); Oosterbroek and Sluys, 2021 (male); Kramer and Morris, 2021b (female); Kania et al., 2023 (female); Jentzsch et al., 2024 (male) Head: Sorensen, 2002 (antenna) Hypopygium: Oosterbroek et al., 2006 Ovipositor: Bygebjerg and Munk, 2005 Other figures: Oosterbroek et al., 2006 (abdomen male, female) Immature stages Larva: Sorensen, 2002; Podeniene, 2003a Miscellaneous Fritz and Lindstrom, 2012 (habitat); Heiss and Malec, 2023 (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Belgium Habitat. Tack et al., 2021: 152 (loc(s) Antwerpen, alle taxa biodiversiteit inventarisatie Bos t Ename, op/on dood hout en rotholes in nat bos (in Dutch), see paper for description). Country not relevant Biology. Gudin et al., 2022: 399 (paper includes an updated catalogue of dipteran hosts of Tachinidae with list of the tachinid species involved; of the host records from Diptera, most are from larvae of Tabanidae and Tipulidae, with a few occasional records in other families). Denmark Biology. Sorensen, 2002: 129-133, 138-140 (habitat: living in decayed wood of over-mature trees either in the trunk or in the larger branches; biology; conservation status; review literature) (in Danish). Finland Habitat. Penttinen et al., 2010: 480, 484 (red list status incl. criteria, habitats, causes of threat, threat factors). Habitat. Salmela, 2012c: 14 (classified as a saproxylic and/or fungivorous species). Habitat. Salmela et al., 2019: 520 (red list status, habitat types, threat factors). France Habitat. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160 (species with larvae in dry or more or less wet decaying wood, citing Brindle, 1960c). Habitat. Kramer, 2007a: 33 (adults were collected in woodland). Habitat. Withers, 2008: 133 (rot-hole species). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020a: 12, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020b: 124 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 11 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Tillier, 2025d: 109 (loc(s) Tourbiere de Machais, Vosges (88), distr; habitat info in the annexe (added to the pdf)) (in French). Germany Habitat. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Habitat. Jentzsch and Janicke, 2014: 31 (reared from dead Apple [Malum] trees). Biology. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271-273 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Habitat. Heiss et al., 2017: 160-161, 180-182 (overview of collecting methods and habitats). Habitat. Heiss, 2017a: 562, 567, 570 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups). Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 78, 95 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Biology. Drees, 2019: 49-50 (die Larven sind im nassen Mulm hohler Buchen [Fagus silvatica] regelmaßig zu finden, meist nur in kleiner Anzahl; ein uber mehrere Jahre besetzter Massenbrutplatz befand sich am Hohenlimburger Schleipenberg; dort war die Art vergesellschaftet mit Dictenidia bimaculata (s. das Schlupfprotokoll Tab. 3); bei der Entnahme im Marz 1996 war der Mulm noch teilweise gefroren; die in Eisklumpen steckenden Larven lebten wieder auf und entwickelten sich bis Ende april zu Imagines; die Mannchen erschienen dabei vor den Weibchen, Ct. pectinicornis ca. einen Monat vor Dictenidia bimaculata; rearing). Biology. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 315 (an der Blute von Frangula alnus Mill.). Great Britain Habitat. Godfrey, 1998: 45 (found emerging from broken limb of Aesculus). Habitat. Clemons, 2000: 19 (attracted to flowers of Sambucus nigra). Habitat. Denton, 2000: 36 (inside rothole of Fagus). Habitat. Alexander, 2002: 88 (larvae associated with rot-holes in large broadleaved trees, especially Fagus, often in rotten shattered ends of trunks). Habitat. Stubbs, 2003: 32-35, 44-47, 78-80 (larvae burrow in soft dead wood of Fagus, plus some other trees including Aesculus, Ilex, Populus, and rarely Acer and Quercus, eating moderately rotten wood; decaying timber is generally on large live trees, fallen trees and large logs, especially shattered ends; more generally the species occupies a range of woodland types, notably lowland Fagus and Taxus woodlands; most sites are ancient woods with historic continuity of reasonably large timber, but at the unique sand dune occurrence at Gibaltar Point, Sambucus seems to be a viable alternative; adults have been seen feeding at the flowers of Crataegus and Sambucus; the paper reviews the literature and includes further details on monitoring techniques and examples of good/bad practice). Habitat. Alexander, 2004a: 68 (beaten from Crataegus in open ancient wood pasture). Habitat. Schulten et al., 2005: 200 (Chigwell Row Wood LNR, Essex, collected in a flight interception trap placed in a veteran Quercus robur [wood] close to a rot hole). Habitat. Merrifield and Merrifield, 2006: 92 (on some Diptera of interest from the Ruislip Woods NNR; regarded as an ancient woodland indicator). Biology. Merrifield, 2006: 11 (behaviour in captivity). Habitat. Boardman, 2007: 12 (associated with large stands of rotting timber; an ancient woodland indicator). Habitat. Kramer, 2011j: 24-25 (species of old woodland). Habitat. Boardman, 2012b: 2 (found in coniferous woodland). Habitat. Alexander, 2013b: 4-5 (reared from larvae found in old apple [Malus] trees). Habitat. Alexander et al., 2014: 225 (saproxylic species, found in a tradional orchard in Worcestershire). Habitat. Green, 2014: 101-102 (on the importance of old traditional apple orchards as a development habitat in Worcestershire). Habitat. Brighton, 2017c: 29, 41 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Habitat. Hewitt et al., 2017: 64, 71, 72 (loc(s) Borrowdale, Cumbria, review records and habitat requirements; a wood decay associated species recorded from Borrowdale Ash [Fraxinus] pollards; see paper for details). Biology. Showers, 2018b: 17 (on the big increase in the number of comb-hornd craneflies). Habitat. Alexander et al., 2019: 313-314 (loc(s) Thorneythwaite Fell, Lake District with information on tree species and flight interception traps). Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003b: 11, 24, 28 (larval habitat: rotten wood of deciduous trees). Luxembourg Habitat. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 352 (Larven in Mulm von Buchen [Fagus] und Erlen [Alnus]; Larven spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim Abbau von morschem Holz der Laubbaume). Netherlands Biology. Tschorsnig, 2017: 58 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae and references see paper). Sweden Habitat. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2012: 33, 42, 68 (on distribution, habitat preference and habitat conservation in nature reserved beech [Fagus] forests in Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Habitat. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 33, 63 (on distribution, habitat preference and habitat conservation in nature reserved forest and tree habitats in Hallands County) (in Schwedish). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): Country not relevant Key. Oosterbroek et al., 2006: 141-147 (key, figs, review literature). Figures. Oosterbroek and Sluys, 2021: 9-10 (on probably the oldest color illustrations of craneflies, by Anselmus de Boodt, from around 1600 AD, picturing among others this species). Denmark Immatures. Sorensen, 2002: 129-133, 138-140 (descr, figs, review literature) (in Danish). Key. Bygebjerg and Munk, 2005: 42-44 (key, figs) (in Danish). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2011: 44 (checklist Austria, list of provinces). Distribution. Hellrigl, 2012: 119 (loc(s) Sudtirol). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2016: 66, 81 (loc(s) Oberosterreich). Belgium Distribution. Tack et al., 2021: 152 (loc(s) Antwerpen, alle taxa biodiversiteit inventarisatie Bos t Ename, op/on dood hout en rotholes in nat bos (in Dutch), see paper for description). Country not relevant Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2006: 141-147 (distr). Croatia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 44 (review literature). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary et al., 2005d: 35 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Denmark Distribution. Petersen et al., 2001b: 162 (checklist). Distribution. Sorensen, 2002: 129-133, 138-140 (loc(s), map) (in Danish). Distribution. Bygebjerg and Munk, 2005: 42-44 (loc(s)) (in Danish). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 230-231, 240 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies; review of Finnish records, confirmed for Aland Is only) Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 32 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2019: 520 (red list status, habitat types, threat factors). Distribution. Rasimus, 2022: 6 (on the craneflies fauna of Tavastia australis biogeographical province) (in Finnish). France Distribution. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160, 162 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Kramer, 2007a: 33 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Withers, 2008: 133, 137 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Kramer and Langlois, 2019a: 76 (record(s) Ravin de Valbois, Doubs (25)). Distribution. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 146 (new and published records Ile-de-France, loc(s) Seine-et-Marne (77), Yvelines (78) and Essonne (91)). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020a: 12, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020b: 124 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Tissot et al., 2021: 217 (the Diptera of the Reserves Naturelles Nationales du Doubs (25), results of Malaise trapping since 2009) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 11 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 34 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Hauts-de-France region). Distribution. Tillier et al., 2023: 169 (loc(s) Doubs (25) and Jura (39), with list of altitude(s) and habitat(s)) (in French). Distribution. Tillier, 2023b: 486 (loc(s) Corsica). Distribution. Quindroit and Racine, 2025: 356 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Pays de la Loire region). Distribution. Tillier, 2025d: 109 (loc(s) Tourbiere de Machais, Vosges (88), distr; habitat info in the annexe (added to the pdf)) (in French). Germany Distribution. Schacht et al., 2001: 423 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss, 2003: 12 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 3 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 89 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 38 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Distribution. Jentzsch and Janicke, 2014: 30-31 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Strobl, 2014: 115 (loc(s) Sachsen-Anhalt). Distribution. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271-273 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Distribution. Jentzsch, 2016: 1053-1054 (on Ctenophorinae in Sachsen-Anhalt, rare) (in German). Distribution. Wolz, 2016: 3 (one of the 13 Tipulidae species of which remains were found in the faeces of the Greater Horshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) at Hohenburg, Bayern; final report in Wolz, 2018). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2017: 160-161 (loc(s) Thuringen, review distr). Distribution. Heiss, 2017a: 562, 567, 570 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups). Distribution. Heiss, 2017b: 21 (checklist Tipulidae Thuringen). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 78, 95 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Drees, 2019: 49 (loc(s) Nordrhein-Westfalen). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2019: 247 (annotated checklist of the Tipulidae of Niedersachsen and Bremen, including the presence in the surrounding Bundeslandern and the Netherlands) (in German). Distribution. Heiss, 2019: 34, 44 (loc(s) and checklist Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, see paper for further details). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 238 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources). Distribution. Kohler and Niermann, 2020: 328 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2021: 238 (found in cave(s) inRheinland-Pfalz, see paper on details of which part of the cave(s)) (in German). Distribution. Kehlmaier et al., 2021: 84 (loc(s) Baden-Wurttemberg). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 315 (loc(s) Hessen). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 328 (annotated checklist Hessen). Distribution. Jentzsch et al., 2024: 4, 8 (loc(s) Sachsen, map). Distribution. Jentzsch, 2024: 176 (loc(s) Sachsen). Great Britain Distribution. Godfrey, 1998: 45 (loc(s) Herefordshire). Distribution. Clemons, 2000: 19 (loc(s) Kent). Distribution. Denton, 2000: 36 (loc(s) New Forest, S. Hampshire). Distribution. Alexander, 2002: 88 (distr). Distribution. Gibbs, 2003: 178 (on miscellaneous Diptera collected in 2002: at Shortwood, Gloucs, VC 33 (SO8308)), Distribution. Stubbs, 2003: 34, 45, 78 (distr in GB). Distribution. Alexander, 2004a: 68 (loc(s) Cumberland). Distribution. Godfrey, 2005: 72 (loc(s) North Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire). Distribution. Schulten et al., 2005: 200 (Chigwell Row Wood LNR, Essex, collected in a flight interception trap placed in a veteran Quercus robur [wood] close to a rot hole). Distribution. Schulten et al., 2005: 200 (loc(s) Essex). Distribution. Merrifield and Merrifield, 2006: 92 (on some Diptera of interest from the Ruislip Woods NNR; regarded as an ancient woodland indicator). Distribution. Merrifield, 2006: 11 (at Ruislip Woods NNR, Park Wood, Middlesex (TQ092886)). Distribution. Boardman, 2007: 12 (loc(s), map). Distribution. Morris, 2010b: 16 (loc(s) Windsor Great Park). Distribution. Whiteley, 2010: 3 (loc(s) Derbyshire and/or Nottinghamshire). Distribution. Boardman, 2011: 1 (loc(s) Shropshire). Distribution. Brock, 2011: 256 (loc(s) New Forest). Distribution. Kramer, 2011a: 3 (loc(s) Pembrokeshire). Distribution. Kramer, 2011b: 3 (loc(s) Leicestershire). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 7 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 7 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Boardman, 2012b: 2 (loc(s) Shropshire). Distribution. Dickson, 2012: 166 (loc(s) South Hants (VC11)). Distribution. Alexander, 2013b: 4-5 (loc(s) Herefordshire). Distribution. Kramer, 2013i: 5, 8 (checklist of species from Leigh Woods NNR, Bristol district). Distribution. Alexander et al., 2014: 225 (saproxylic species, found in a tradional orchard in Worcestershire). Distribution. Andrews, 2014: 9 (loc(s) Yorkshire). Distribution. Drake, 2014: 23 (loc(s) Gwynedd). Distribution. Green, 2014: 101-102 (on the importance of old traditional apple orchards as a development habitat in Worcestershire). Distribution. Hewitt, 2014: (provisional checklist Cumbrian Diptera). Distribution. Kramer, 2014c: 4 (in table of cranefly species recorded at Shapwick Heath NNR, as given in H. Audcent, 1949 and/or collected by J. Kramer in 2013). Distribution. Brighton, 2017c: 29, 41 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Distribution. Hewitt et al., 2017: 64, 71, 72 (loc(s) Borrowdale, Cumbria, review records and habitat requirements; a wood decay associated species recorded from Borrowdale Ash [Fraxinus] pollards; see paper for details). Distribution. Showers, 2017c: 26 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Boardman, 2018: 3 (loc(s) Staffordshire). Distribution. Jones, 2018: 29 (loc(s) Shropshire). Distribution. Showers, 2018c: 3 (loc(s) Northampshire). Distribution. Alexander et al., 2019: 313-314 (loc(s) Thorneythwaite Fell, Lake District with information on tree species and flight interception traps). Distribution. Wolton and Davis, 2019: 26 (loc(s) Sussex). Distribution. Showers, 2020b: 21 (loc(s) Pitsford Water, Northamptonshire). Distribution. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: 4 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Ireland Distribution. Ashe et al., 2007a: 299-303, 343, 351 (review Irish records, red data book status, map). Distribution. Chandler et al., 2008: 5 (checklist). Italy Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2008c: 340 (annotated checklist South Tyrol [Prov. Bolzano]). Latvia Distribution. Kurina, 2009: 83-86 (loc(s), review records and collections, listing presence in Finland and NW Russia). Lithuania Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 25 (checklist). Luxembourg Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 351, 352 (loc(s), distr). Montenegro Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 44 (review literature). Netherlands Distribution. Jong and Oosterbroek, 2002d: 39 (checklist). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2006: 147 (loc(s)). Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2012: 10-15 (distr in The Netherlands) (in Dutch). Distribution. Eck, 2015: 30 (loc(s) Zuid Limburg). Distribution. Tschorsnig, 2017: 58 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae and references see paper). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: 17 (Limoniidae and Tipulidae Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in 2018, Zuid-Holland). Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2022a: 6-13 (update on recent records (2012-2021) of Dutch Ctenophorinae) (in Dutch). Norway Distribution. Hofsvang, 2016: 132 (loc(s) AK, VE and AAY). Distribution. Hofsvang et al., 2019: 140-141 (annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). Poland Distribution. Palaczyk et al., 2002: 40 (in red list of threatened Diptera in Poland) (in Polish). Distribution. Skibinska and Chudzicke, 2007b: 77 (checklist, near threatened). Distribution. Soszynski et al., 2010: 171 (loc(s) Wzniesienia Lodzkie Landscape Park). Distribution. Kowalczyk and Senn, 2017: 4 (loc(s) Gdynia, with references for the species from Poland) (in Polish). Distribution. Palaczyk and Klasa, 2021: 174 (list of Diptera in Catalogue of the fauna of the Ojcow National Park). Distribution. Kania et al., 2023: 179-181 (loc(s), distr, review references, map) (in Polish). Romania Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2003: 56 (not as rare in Romania as the other 6 Ctenophora species). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 232-233 (checklist Tipulidae). Distribution. Torok et al., 2014: 17 (checklist Romania). Russia Distribution. Pilipenko, 2009a: 204 (annotated checklist Tipulidae Central European Territory, loc(s) RUC: Moskovskaya oblast, distr). Distribution. Lantsov, 2019a: 54-55 (the species is not known from southern Russia or the Caucasus) (in Russian, English translation in Lantsov, 2019b). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Spain Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 79 (checklist). Sweden Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2012: 33, 42, 68 (on distribution, habitat preference and habitat conservation in nature reserved beech [Fagus] forests in Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 33, 63 (on distribution, habitat preference and habitat conservation in nature reserved forest and tree habitats in Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Switzerland Distribution. Dufour and Merz, 2012: 355 (annotated checklist canton Geneva). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Hellrigl, 2012: month(s): 4, 7. Heiss et al., 2016: month(s): 5. Denmark Sorensen, 2002: month(s): 6-8. Bygebjerg and Munk, 2005: month(s): 5-7. France Kramer and Withers, 2007: month(s): 6. Kramer, 2007a: month(s): 6. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: month(s): 5-6. Quindroit, 2020a: month(s): 5. Quindroit, 2020b: month(s): 5-6. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: month(s): 5-6, 8. Tillier et al., 2023: month(s): 5-7. Tillier, 2023b: month(s): 6-(7). Tillier, 2025d: month(s): 8. Germany Schacht et al., 2001: month(s): 5-7. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: month(s): 5. Jentzsch and Janicke, 2014: month(s): 4. Strobl, 2014: month(s): 6. Heiss et al., 2017: month(s): 5-8. Heiss, 2017a: month(s): 4-6. Dunk, 2018: month(s): 5-7. Drees, 2019: month(s): 4-6. Heiss, 2019: month(s): 6-7. Kohler and Niermann, 2020: month(s): 5. Heiss et al., 2021: month(s): 6. Kehlmaier et al., 2021: month(s): 6. Heiss and Malec, 2023: month(s): 5-6. Jentzsch et al., 2024: month(s): 5-7. Jentzsch, 2024: month(s): 5-6. Great Britain Clemons, 2000: month(s): 5. Denton, 2000: month(s): 5. Gibbs, 2003: month(s): 6. Stubbs, 2003: month(s): 5-7. Alexander, 2004a: month(s): 6. Godfrey, 2005: month(s): 5-6. Merrifield and Merrifield, 2006: month(s): 6. Merrifield, 2006: month(s): 6. Boardman, 2007: month(s): 5-6. Whiteley, 2010: month(s): 6. Boardman, 2011: month(s): 5. Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 5. Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 5. Boardman, 2012b: month(s): 5. Dickson, 2012: month(s): 5. Drake, 2014: month(s): 7. Kramer, 2014c: month(s): 6. Showers, 2017c: month(s): 5. Wolton and Davis, 2019: month(s): 5. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: month(s): 5-6, 10. Ireland Ashe et al., 2007a: month(s): 5-6. Latvia Kurina, 2009: month(s): 6. Netherlands Oosterbroek et al., 2006: month(s): 6. Oosterbroek, 2012: month(s): 5-9. Eck, 2015: month(s): 5. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: month(s): 65. Norway Hofsvang, 2016: month(s): 6. Poland Kowalczyk and Senn, 2017: month(s): 6. Kania et al., 2023: month(s): 4-6. Russia Pilipenko, 2009a: month(s): 6. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): France Tillier, 2023b: altitude: 881-980 m. Tillier, 2025d: altitude: 985 m.