Details for Discobola annulata

Name: Discobola annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) Publication: Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 586 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): argus (Say, 1824); imperialis (Loew, 1851). Classification: Family Limoniidae Subfamily Limoniinae Descriptive note: Descriptive note in Edwards, 1933d. Short description in Alexander, 1943k (reprint: 1966g). Synonymy: Alexander, 1941m. Keys: Podenas and Gelhaus, 2007 (Limoniinae Mongolia and nearby); Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2014c (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Podenas et al., 2015c (Discobola Korea); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016h; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies); Ma, S. et al., 2025 (Chinese species) Variant spelling(s): annuata habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 38 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, ovipositor, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Canada, USA (BC to Nfld, south to Oreg, Kans, Tenn and NC);; Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Rep., Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain (Scotland), Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia: RUN, RUW, RUC, RUE, RUS;; Russia: WS (Altay, Tuva), ES, FE (Kamchatka, Khabarovskiy kray, Primorskiy kray, Sakhalin (incl. Kuril Is)); Kazakhstan (east); Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), China (Gansu, Xizang);; India (Assam, Uttar Pradesh), Malaysia (Borneo: Sabah), Nepal, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), China (Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan), Taiwan;; New Guinea (Indonesia (Papua Indonesia [= Irian Jaya]) or Papua New Guinea). Note: see the manual for abbreviations: Canada and USA; present-day Russia. Region(s): Nearctic;; Westpalaearctic;; Eastpalaearctic;; Oriental;; Australian/Oceanian General note: Added: Slovenia (Scopoli, 1763), NC (Alexander, 1941m), Malaysia (Sabah) (Edwards, 1933d, as argus Say; Alexander, 1942b), Kans (Young, 1978), Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) (Stary and Oosterbroek, 1996). For Finland check Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Olsen et al., 2018, and citations below. For Great Britain check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. Map: Podenas et al., 2006 (Switzerland); Podenas et al., 2015 (Korea); Ma, S. et al., 2025 (China) Biology: Alexander, 1919e, 1920r, 1927c (as argus Say), 1941m; Young, 1978 (habitat). Yakovlev and Polevoi, 1997 (list of Fungi). Young and Gelhaus, 2000 (habitat, phenology). Figure references: Habitus: Marshall, 2006: 425 (as Limonia); Ma, S. et al., 2025 (male) Head: Ma, S. et al., 2025 Wing: Alexander, 1919e (as argus); Alexander, 1972g; Stary, 1974e; Slipka and Stary, 1977b; Podenas et al., 2006; Podenas and Gelhaus, 2007; Podenas et al., 2015; Ma, S. et al., 2025 Hypopygium: Alexander, 1943k (reprint: 1966g); Stary, 1974e; Podenas et al., 2006; Podenas and Gelhaus, 2007; Podenas et al., 2015; Ma, S. et al., 2025 Ovipositor: Podenas et al., 2015; Ma, S. et al., 2025 Other figures: Ma, S. et al., 2025 (thorax, halter) Immature stages Larva: Podeniene, 2003a; Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b; Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c Pupa: Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b Miscellaneous Oliveira and Eck, 2025 (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Bulgaria Habitat. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 7 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). Country not relevant Habitat. Marshall, 2006: 425 (on a rotting log) (as Limonia). Habitat. Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c: 1-294 (larva: loc(s), descr, figs, biology, key) (in Russian, key also in English). Czech Rep. Habitat. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: 65 (on Limoniidae and Pediciidae of two localities in northern Bohemia, with list of localities, altitudes and habitats). Finland Habitat. Komonen et al., 2004: 107 (primary fungivore of the polypore Fomitopsis pinicola). Biology. Salmela, 2008: 11, 27, 51 (49) (ecology or habitat: fungi; phenology). Habitat. Salmela and Stary, 2009: 271 (adults were obtained from trunk-emergence traps on Betula logs lying on the forest floor and decayed by polyporous fungi). Habitat. Halme et al., 2012: 507 (part of a study on saproxylic nematoceran communities occupying different parts of decaying fallen Aspen trunks in a boreal forest in central Finland). Habitat. Salmela, 2012c: 11 (classified as a saproxylic and/or fungivorous species). Habitat. Rasimus, 2018: 17 (on saproxylic craneflies in the Tampere region) (in Finnish). Germany Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Great Britain Habitat. Alexander, 2002: 90 (reared from bracket fungi Fomes and Pholiota, and various terrestrial fungi). Habitat. Stubbs, 2008b: 3 (a woodland species in the Scottish Highlands). Habitat. Chandler, 2010c: 431 (overview of known fungus associations: apparently polyphagous, agarics, `leccinum, Fomes, Peziza (all Russian records)). Habitat. Chandler, 2012: 16 (Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands: a fungus feeder). Habitat. Kramer, 2012h: 3 (Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands: a rarely recorded woodland species). Habitat. Spilling, 2012: 15 (Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands; frequently taken in the woods). Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Mongolia Habitat. Oliveira and Eck, 2025: 146 (collected in a Larix sibirica forest, see habitat photo). Norway Habitat. Olsen and Andersen, 2021: 215 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Habitat. Wiedenska, 2007a: 75 (decayed wood). Habitat. Wiedenska, 2014: 14 (on the occurence of Limoniidae in six selected plant communities in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians) (in Polish, habitat tables also in English). Phenology. Wiedenska, 2015a: 54 (on the flight activity of Limoniidae in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians) (in Polish, tables also in English). Habitat. Wiedenska, 2017a: 22 (faunistic and habitat data of species from the Gorce NP) (in Polish). Russia Habitat. Krivosheina, N.P., 2006: 562 (larvae usually are found under separated bark and along the periphery of the sapwood in tree trunks lying on the ground, but virtually always in areas pierced with mycelium or covered with fungi). Habitat. Krivosheina, N.P., 2008: 781 (larvae were reared from sac fungi, the tinder polypore Fomes fometarius, and agarics (Yakovlev, 1994); however, the larvae typicallyt occur in crumby wood, concentrating under detached bark in areas penetrated by mycelium). Habitat. Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b: 92-93 (reared from decaying wood blocks of Alnus, Populus and Betula and from mold under the bark of Abies and Picea). Habitat. Krivosheina, N.P., 2009a: 125-133 (review Russian xylophilous Limoniidae, mainly inhabiting bark and wood of decomposing trees, with new original data on larval biology [found in wood of deciduous trees]) (in Russian). Habitat. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 99 (habitat, citing Savchenko, 1985) (in Russian). Habitat. Polevoi et al., 2018: supplementary species list: (emerged from fallen Aspens [Populus tremula] in Kivach Nature Reserve, Kareliya). Slovakia Biology. Obona et al., 2025a: 30 (collected in a mosquito trap at the Kosice Zoo, perhaps because of being attracted to CO2). South Korea Habitat. Podenas et al., 2015c: 68 (found on steep wet slopes of small river covered with deciduous trees and shrubs). USA Phenology. Petersen, 2003: 93 (period of flight in relation to altitude). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): China Description. Ma, S. et al., 2025: 6-11 (descr male, female, barcoding, phylogeny, figs). Country not relevant Immatures. Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b: 89-98 (descr larva, pupa, comparison, figs). Immatures. Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c: 1-294 (larva: loc(s), descr, figs, biology, key) (in Russian, key also in English). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Mongolia Key. Podenas and Gelhaus, 2007: 59 (key, figs). South Korea Description. Podenas et al., 2015c: 66-68 (descr, key, figs). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Distribution. Reusch and Heiss, 2012: 314-322 (loc(s) Nat. Park Gesause, see PDF for months and altitudes). Bosnia-Herzegowina Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 447 (review literature). Bulgaria Distribution. Hubenov, 2016: 49 (annotated checklist Diptera of the Rila Mountains based on data from the literature). Distribution. Hubenov, 2017: 70 (on vertical distribution in the Pirin and Rila Mts; see paper for details on forests and subalpine-alpine zones, distr). Distribution. Hubenov, 2021a: 37 (checklist with summary of distr in Bulgaria, references). Distribution. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 7 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). China Distribution. Ma, S. et al., 2025: 410-11, 29 (loc(s) Hunan, Gansu, Guangxi, Yunnan, also known from Taiwan, map). Country not relevant Distribution. Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c: 1-294 (larva: loc(s), descr, figs, biology, key) (in Russian, key also in English). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary, 2009i: webpage (checklist). Distribution. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: 65 (on Limoniidae and Pediciidae of two localities in northern Bohemia, with list of localities, altitudes and habitats). Denmark Distribution. Petersen and Jong, 2001b: 149 (because of neighbouring distribution likely to occur in Denmark). Estonia Distribution. Stary, 2004f: (Fauna Europaea: added Estonia). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2001a: 144, 151 (loc(s)). Distribution. Komonen et al., 2004: 105 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary and Salmela, 2004: 47 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2007b: 46 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2008: 11, 51 (49) (loc(s), known from all Finnish ecoregions). Distribution. Halme et al., 2012: 507 (part of a study on saproxylic nematoceran communities occupying different parts of decaying fallen Aspen trunks in a boreal forest in central Finland). Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 237 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies). Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 30 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2015: 101 (list of localities in extensive report on malaise-trapping of insects in conservation areas in Lapland in 2012–2014) (in Finnish). Distribution. Rasimus, 2018: 17 (on saproxylic craneflies in the Tampere region) (in Finnish). France Distribution. Kramer and Langlois, 2019a: 76 (record(s) Ravin de Valbois, Doubs (25)) (as caesarea) (see Kramer, 2020f: Corrigendum). Distribution. Tissot et al., 2021: 208 (the Diptera of the Reserves Naturelles Nationales du Doubs (25), results of Malaise trapping since 2009) (in French). Germany Distribution. Schacht, 1999: 135 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Reusch and Oosterbroek, 2000: 162 (checklist German Bundeslander). Distribution. Reusch and Bellstedt, 2001b: 75 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 5 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 91 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 16 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 142 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources). Great Britain Distribution. Alexander, 2002: 90 (distr). Distribution. Kramer, 2007d: 1 (loc(s) Scotland). Distribution. Kramer, 2008a: 7 (loc(s) Scotland). Distribution. Stubbs, 2008b: 3 (a woodland species in the Scottish Highlands, distr). Distribution. Chandler, 2012: 16 (loc(s) Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands: confined to the Scottish Highlands within Britain but quite widespread and seen at several other sites during the field meeting). Distribution. Kramer, 2012h: 3 (loc(s) Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands). Distribution. Spilling, 2012: 15 (loc(s) Summer field meeting Scottish Highlands). Distribution. Boardman, 2021a: 6 (on a record from the Highlands of Scotland, map). Kazakhstan First record. Devyatkov, 2020a: 52 (loc(s) East Kazakhstan, distr) (in Russian). Korea Distribution. Podenas, 2013: 17 (literature overview of North and South Korean records). Latvia First record. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: 82 (loc(s)). Lithuania Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 19 (checklist). Mongolia First record. Podenas and Gelhaus, 2007: 59 (new for Mongolia, without further details). Distribution. Oliveira and Eck, 2025: 146, Specieslist (loc(s) Khentii aimag). North Korea First record. Podenas et al., 2015c: 68, 92 (loc(s), distr, map). Norway Distribution. Olsen et al., 2018: 162-163 (annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). Distribution. Olsen and Andersen, 2021: 215 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Distribution. Wiedenska, 2007a: 75 (checklist). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2014: 14 (on the occurence of Limoniidae in six selected plant communities in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians) (in Polish, habitat tables also in English). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2017a: 22 (faunistic and habitat data of species from the Gorce NP) (in Polish). Distribution. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: 147 (loc(s) Bieszczady Mountains, distr and remarks). Romania Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2005a: 244 (no details). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 228-231 (checklist Limoniidae). Russia Distribution. Krivosheina, N.P., 2008: 781 (mentions Karelia, citing Yakovlev, 1994). Distribution. Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b: 92 (loc(s), reared from material throughout Russia, from Tula district to Kunashir). Distribution. Pilipenko, 2009c: 334 (loc(s) Lazovsky Nature Reserve, Primorskiy kray). Distribution. Gavryushin in litt., 2013b: (loc(s) Shikotan, Kuril Is). Distribution. Jakovlev et al., 2014: 309 (loc(s) RUN: Kareliya). Distribution. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 99 (loc(s) RUC: Tverskaya oblast, distr) (in Russian). Distribution. Gavryushin in litt., 2017b: (almost as common as annulata in RUC: Moscow and Kaluga [Kaluzhskaya oblast] regions in suitable habitats). Distribution. Paramonov, 2018b: 61 (loc(s) RUS: Saratovskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Polevoi et al., 2018: supplementary species list: (emerged from fallen Aspens [Populus tremula] in Kivach Nature Reserve, Kareliya). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: 82-83 (loc(s) RUE: Bashkortostan Rep.). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009d: 35 (loc(s) Polana area). Distribution. Stary, 2009i: webpage (checklist). Distribution. Obona et al., 2025a: 30 (collected in a mosquito trap at the Kosice Zoo, perhaps because of being attracted to CO2). South Korea First record. Podenas et al., 2015c: 68, 92 (loc(s), distr, map). Sweden Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 62 (loc(s) Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Switzerland Distribution. Podenas et al., 2006: 167, 234 (map, vertical distr per thermic level). Ukraine Distribution. Krivosheina, M.G., 2009b: 92 (loc(s) reared material). USA Distribution. Byers, 2002: 15 (loc(s) Va, distr). Distribution. Petersen et al., 2005: 7 (Great Smoky Mountains National Park, not further specified). Distribution. Brodo et al., 2022a: 54 (list of Tipuloidea collected in the town of Kent, Putnam County, NY). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Bulgaria Hubenov, 2016: month(s): 8. China Ma, S. et al., 2025: month(s): 5-8. Czech Rep. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: month(s): 7-9. Finland Salmela, 2001a: month(s): 8-9. Salmela, 2008: month(s): 8. Germany Dunk, 2018: month(s): 5. Great Britain Kramer, 2007d: month(s): 6. Kramer, 2008a: month(s): 6. Chandler, 2012: month(s): 7. Kramer, 2012h: month(s): 7. Spilling, 2012: month(s): 7. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2020a: month(s): 8. Latvia Kolcsar et al., 2021b: month(s): 7. Mongolia Oliveira and Eck, 2025: month(s): 8. North Korea Podenas et al., 2015c: month(s): 7. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2021: month(s): (8-9). Poland Wiedenska, 2014: month(s): 8-9. Wiedenska, 2015a: month(s): 7-8. Wiedenska, 2017a: month(s): 7-8. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: month(s): 7-8. Russia Pilipenko, 2009c: month(s): 7. Gavryushin in litt., 2013b: month(s): 8-10. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: month(s): 8. Paramonov, 2018b: month(s): 7. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: month(s): 7-8. Slovakia Stary, 2009d: month(s): 10. South Korea Podenas et al., 2015c: month(s): 8-9. Switzerland Podenas et al., 2006: month(s): 7-9. USA Byers, 2002: month(s): 6-9. Petersen, 2003: month(s): 5-12. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Bulgaria Hubenov, 2016: altitude: 1147-1250 m. Hubenov, 2017: altitude: 1147-1250 m. Hubenov, 2021a: altitude: 1147-1250 m. Hubenov, 2025b: altitude: 1147-1250 m. China Ma, S. et al., 2025: altitude: 1500-2733 m. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2020a: altitude: 465-1654 m. Latvia Kolcsar et al., 2021b: altitude: 13 m. Mongolia Oliveira and Eck, 2025: altitude: 1580 m. North Korea Podenas et al., 2015c: altitude: 1829 m. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2021: altitude: 251 m. Poland Wiedenska, 2017a: altitude: 720-1140 m. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: altitude: 470-1000 m. Russia Paramonov, 2018b: altitude: 302 m. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: altitude: 510-650 m. South Korea Podenas et al., 2015c: altitude: 810-1311 m. USA Byers, 2002: altitude: 870-1174 m.