Details for Tipula (Tipula) paludosa

Name: Tipula (Tipula) paludosa Meigen, 1830 Publication: Syst. Beschr. 6: 289 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): fimbriata Meigen, 1818; flavolutescens Pierre, 1922; wollastoni Lackschewitz, 1936 Papers dealing with the ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE of craneflies are cited as such below.. Classification: Family Tipulidae Subfamily Tipulinae Descriptive note: Name validated by I.C.Z.N., 1980: Bull. zool. Nomencl. 37: Opinion 1160. Keys: Skartveit, 2006 (Tipula (Tipula) Norway); Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2014a, 2016c (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Boardman, 2016 (craneflies Shropshire); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016d; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies) habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 44 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, ovipositor, ovipositor, ovipositor, ovipositor, ovipositor, ovipositor, wing, wing, habitat, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Canada, USA (in the west from BC south to Calif, in the east from Nfld and NSc to Que, Ont and NY);; Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark (incl. Faroe Is), Estonia, Finland, France (incl. Corsica), Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy (north), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal (incl. Madeira), Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (incl. Canary Is [Gran Canaria, Tenerife]), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia: RUN, RUW, RUC, RUE, RUS. Note: see the manual for abbreviations: Canada and USA; present-day Russia. Region(s): Nearctic;; Westpalaearctic General note: Added: Italy (north) (Oosterbroek and Stary, 1995), Bulgaria (Popov, 1999). For the Nearctic see papers on economic importance cited below. Known from Austria (omission in Palaearctic Catalogue (Oosterbroek and Theowald, 1992)). For Canary Is, incl. key, check de Jong, 1987b, and citations below. For Estonia and Russia (RUW) see Brodo, 1994a, and citations below. For Spain and Portugal see Oosterbroek, 1994a, Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019, and citations below. For Finland check Brodo, 1994a, Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Hofsvang et al., 2019, and citations below. For Portugal check Oosterbroek et al., 2020, and citations below. For Great Britain and Ireland check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. Probably introduced in the Nearctic by accidental transport (see Peck et al., 2006). Map: Theowald, 1984 (general); Peck et al., 2006 (New York); Ashe et al., 2007a (Ireland); Boardman, 2007 (Shropshire) Figure references: Habitus: Marshall, 2006 (male, female); Peck et al., 2006 (female); Boardman, 2007 (male, female); Brock, 2011 (male, female); Kramer, 2012e (mass aggregation of adults); Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017 (male); Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019 (male); Kramer and Morris, 2021b (female) Head: Peck et al., 2006; Skartveit, 2006 Wing: Peck et al., 2006 (wing base showing squamal hairs) Hypopygium: Alexander, 1965m; Theowald, 1984; Paramonov, 2004b (incl. musculature); Peck et al., 2006; Skartveit, 2006 Immature stages Larva: Podeniene, 2003a; Peck et al., 2009; Lantzov, 2009e (first instar larva); Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017; Podeniene et al., 2019 (first instar larva) Pupa: Peck et al., 2009 Miscellaneous Peck et al., 2009 (damage to putting green); Heiss and Malec, 2023 (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Biology. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: 132 (univoltine autumn species; going into the submontane zone, reaching somewhat higher than Tipula oleracea). Belarus Habitat. Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: 45 (loc(s), distr, about fauna of raised bogs, for details see paper) (in Russian). Bulgaria Biology. Hubenov, 2021b: 26 (in review of the families of Nematocera of Bulgaria in appendix on species of medical or econmic importance). Country not relevant Biology. Blackshaw and Coll, 1999: 143-160 (Economic importance; Abstract: Despite the large number of cranefly species only two have been convincingly associated with crop damage. The larvae of Tipula paludosa are commonly found as pests in both grassland and spring cereals whereas those of T. oleracea are only established as pests of winter cereals following crops of oilseed rape in the rotation. The latter, however, is probably the species involved in opportunistic situations involving various minor crops. These epidemiological contrasts are attributable to differences in the morphology and behaviour of the adults of the two species in relation to crop rotations. Larvae are sufficiently similar as to cause confusion in identification and this has hampered development of a clear picture of the ecology of the two species. Little is known about the distribution of T. oleracea larvae but T. paludosa larvae are largely regulated by climatic factors, especially rainfall, although the operation of these varies across the distribution range. Many natural enemies have been identified but a commercially viable control method using them has not yet been developed for either species. Control of T. paludosa is relatively easy using broad-spectrum insecticides but inconsistent kills have been observed with winter pesticide applications against T. oleracea. Determination of those fields requiring applications in advance of the damage remains the major problem, especially in grassland and winter cereals, to be resolved for the management of leatherjacket pests.) Biology. Blackshaw and Petrovskii, 2007: 46-62 (Economic importance; Limitation and regulation of ecological populations: a meta-analysis of field data; Keywords: population limitation, population regulation, population crash, cannibalism, time-discrete model). Biology. Blackshaw, 2009: 197-203 (Economic importance; A comparison of management options for leatherjacket populations in organic crop rotations using mathematical models; Keywords: biocontrol, cultural control, economic thresholds, leatherjackets, organic rotations, population dynamics, simulation modelling). Biology. Blackshaw and Moore, 2012: 605-613 (Economic importance; Within-generation dynamics of leatherjackets; Keywords: bird conservation, instar duration, instar timing, leatherjackets, mortality, pest management, Pontius analysis). Biology. Gudin et al., 2022: 398, 399, 403 (paper includes an updated catalogue of dipteran hosts of Tachinidae with list of the tachinid species involved, citing various authors; of the host records from Diptera, most are from larvae of Tabanidae and Tipulidae, with a few occasional records in other families). Denmark Habitat. Nielsen et al., 2016: 17, 25-26 (dominant species in sand dunes, primarily trapped in the so-called yellow dunes of the Thy National Park). Habitat. Byriel and Rojas, 2017: 118 (among the 101 species in a study on cranefly hotspots in unmanaged and managed forests) (in Danish). Biology. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Finland Habitat. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 49 (habitats Aland Is). France Habitat. Dufour, 2003b: 90 (loc(s) with information on habitat(s)) (in French). Habitat. Nicolas, 2006: 68 (on findings in the Picardie or Ile-de-France) (in French). Habitat. Breil-Moubayed and Garrigue, 2014: 68 (in: Biocenoses aquatiques et subaquatiques de la vallee fluviale de la Massane. Etude diachronique; Pyrenees-Orientales (66)). Habitat. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 169-170 (loc(s) with habitat info, summary habitat). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020a: 24-25, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of Pays de la Loire: Mayenne (53), Sarthe (72), Loire-Atlantique (44), Maine-et-Loire (49) and Vendee (85)) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020b: 130-131 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 24, 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Germany Habitat. Schacht et al., 2001: 429 (abbreviated habitat information). Habitat. Dau, 2013: 42, Anhang 1: 32 (among species found in Salzquellen in Schleswig-Holstein). Habitat. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Biology. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271, 275-276 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Habitat. Wolz, 2016: 3-6 (one of the 13 Tipulidae species of which remains were found in the faeces of the Greater Horshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) at Hohenburg, Bayern; final report in Wolz, 2018). Habitat. Heiss et al., 2017: 178-182 (overview of collecting methods and habitats). Habitat. Heiss, 2017a: 563, 564, 56, 571 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups, species of open biotops but also foud in forest areas). Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Great Britain Habitat. Godfrey, 2001a: 21, 23. Biology. Er et al., 2002: 153-168 (Economic importance; on parasites [6 protozoa, 2 viruses, 1 fungus, 1 protozoan, 1 parasitoid, 1 nematode] of pastureland leatherjackets (Tipula spp.) and their potential for biological control). Habitat. Robinson, 2005: 191 (larvae feed on organic matter in pastures, grain fields, and residential lawns; larvae often cause economic damage). Habitat. Stubbs, 2006c: 169 (slightly brackish dune slacks predominantly with Juncus; phenology). Biology. Boardman, 2007: 30 (breeds in any but the driest grassland, the larvae (vernacular name: leatherjackets) are deemed as horicultural and aricultural pests; despite this they are a very important food source for many other animals such as bats, birds, spiders). Habitat. Wormell, 2007: 149 (mainly along flushes). Biology. Boumans and Aarnes, 2010: 120 (documentation of Iridovirus infection of the larvae, citing Xeros, 1954). Habitat. Ismay and Ismay, 2010: 209 (characteristic for dry grassland but avoiding driest grassland). Habitat. Skidmore, 2010: 161 (reared as casuals from cow dung). Habitat. Drake, 2011a: 26 (among the Diptera from a wet Alder [Alnus] wood in Devon). Biology. Stubbs, 2011: 4-5 (discussion on the absence of this species in 2010). Biology. Blackshaw and Hicks, 2012: 53-62 (Economic importance; Distribution of adult stages of soil insect pests across an agricultural landscape; Keywords: Agriotes, Tipula paludosa, spatial distribution, landscape, transect, sex pheromone, water trap, wireworms, leatherjackets). Biology. Bearup et al., 2013: 393-409 (Economic importance; synchronization of population fluctuations at disjoint habitats has been observed in many studies, but its mechanisms often remain obscure; synchronization may appear as a result of either interhabitat dispersal or regionally correlated environmental stochastic factors, the latter being known as the Moran effect; in this article, we consider the population dynamics of a common agricultural pest insect, Tipula paludosa, on a fragmented habitat by analyzing data derived from a multiannual survey of its abundance in 38 agricultural fields in southwestern Scotland; see paper for details). Phenology. Stubbs, 2013: 27 (a late summer species in England). Habitat. Alexander, 2015: 3 (result of a study on sampling techniques in Cornwall, showing productive pitfall-trapping for moorland crane flies). Biology. Hancock, 2015: 30-31 (Scottish data, from a Malaise trap set in Oak [Quercus]-woodland are from late summer, August-September). Habitat. Showers, 2015: 2 (on craneflies in moth traps at Pitsford Water Nature Reserve in 2013 and 2014, including information for the two traps and photos of their habitat). Habitat. Benefer et al., 2017: 1-8 (Economic importance; barcoding as a reliable tool to identifyT. paludosa and T. oleracea; North Wyke Farm, Devon; see paper for details). Habitat. Brighton, 2017b: 31, 44 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Habitat. Sims and Chandler, 2017: 43 (on larva(e) recorded from underground [hypogean] pitfall traps sited in a grassy field margn at Jealotts Hill, Berkshire). Biology. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Biology. Carter, 2021: 1-3 (PhD-project involving the rearing of Tipula paludosa and Tipula subnodicornis in containers, or microcosms, which allowed the development of the larvae to be followed in their appropriate habitats, in order to determine the impact of these tipulid larvae on greenhouse gas fluxes; see paper for details on methodology and succes of larval rearing). Biology. Harvey, 2021: 5 (brief notes on rearing records for craneflies; a larva was found under stones in moorland on 9 May 1999, kept indoors, an adult female emerged 7 August 1999; loc Mid-west Yorkshire). Phenology. Weddle, 2021: 89 (loc(s) Glasgow Botanic Gardens, Scotland; collected in a moth trap). Iceland Biology. Libungan et al., 2009: 107-112 (one generation, females were laying eggs all summer, in fields and grasslands, peak of emergence of adults was in early August). Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene, 2000: 6 (larvae were found in dunes). Habitat. Podeniene, 2001a: 83 (larvae were found in the intertidal zone of a small river in loamy soil among leaf fallings). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003b: 12, 21-24, 29 (larval habitat: sand and silt in riparian zone of small rivulets, mud in marshy meadows, uppermost loamy layer of soil in agrocenotic meadows and agrocenozes). Biology. Podeniene et al., 2019: 92, 104-109 (descr first instar larva, rearing, figs). Luxembourg Biology. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 353 (habitat: Larven leben in Wiesen von Grazwurzeln und Wurzeln verschiedener Krauter und werden oft schadlich in Rasenflachen; phenologie: nur eine Generation, es uberwintern die Larven). Nearctic Biology. Potter, 1988: XX (Economic importance; injury, life history, management). Biology. Rao and Gelhaus, 2004: 253-254 (Economic importance; larval damage in commercial peppermint (Mentha x piperita) fields in Oreg; review literature on damage in the western Nearctic). Biology. Hoebeke and Klass, 2005: 43 (Economic importance: in the Pacific Northwest and in Nsc, T. paludosa has been found feeding on turf grasses and such hosts as annual and perennial flowers and several types of vegetables and small fruits. In portions of the Niagara peninsula of Ont, large populations have caused destruction of many home lawns; phenology, single generation a year). Biology. Umble and Rao, 2005: 41-51 (Economic importance; review biology in western Nearctic, univoltine). Biology. Gelhaus, 2006: 97-98 (Economic importance; review habitat, phenology, damage by larvae in North America; see also Gelhaus, 2001b). Biology. Held and Gelhaus, 2006: 89 (Economic importance; destructive pest of cool-season turfgrass). Biology. Marshall, 2006: 426 (Economic importance; ovipostion, larvae feed on grass roots). Biology. Peck et al., 2006: 985-993 (Economic importance; injurious to turf and pasture grasses and certain other crops; review of biology and pest status, details on abundance, habitats, and host preferences). Biology. Rao et al., 2006: 33-39 (Economic importance; larval feeding, damage to and occurence in agriculture (grass seed and peppermint production fields) and urban landscapes (esp. golf courses, home lawns and public parks); rearing). Biology. Simard et al., 2006: 43-45 (Economic importance; details about the phenology, damage and control of this turfgrass insect pest at golf courses in Que). Biology. Peck and Held, 2007: 113-116 (Economic importance; pest of cool season grasses, can be a problem in any grassland system from low- and high-maintenance turf such as home lawns and golf courses to sod farms, pastures, hay fields and grass seed fields; discussed are survival, conditions, abundance, feeding, life cycle (univoltine), injury, management). Biology. Peck and Olmstead, 2009a: 652-658 (Economic importance; summary on biology and pest status; summary of 2009a in Peck and Olmstead, 2009b). Biology. Peck et al., 2009: 120-126 (Economic importance; on insecticidal control in the northeastern USA). Biology. Taschereau et al., 2009: 681-693 (Economic importance; extensive ecological study, indicating that paludosa is currently [2009] the only Tipulidae causing turfgrass damage on golf courses in Que). Habitat. Petersen, 2012: 885-897 (Ecological niche models assume a species niche should be conserved over space and time; increasingly, studies have determined that niche shifts may occur during biological invasion events; the aim of this study is to examine niche conservation for two invasive crane flies, Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen, after introductions into North America; these species have broadly sympatric invasive distributions but differ in time since introduction and dispersal abilities; see paper for details). Biology. Stahnke et al., 2012: 35-38 (Economic importance; review summary on origin, distribution, description, pest status, injury, life history, phenology, management). Biology. Vittum, 2020: 299-311 (Economic importance; review of all aspects of the biology, damage, discriminating characters, invasive history, distribution, etc.). Netherlands Biology. Vlug, 2015: 69-75, 143 (Economic importance; tekstbook on eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, damage, phenologie, natural enemies, biological control, chemical control, distribution) (in Dutch). Biology. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Norway Biology. Skartveit, 2006: 1-3 (pest status, phenology). Habitat. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 40 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Romania Habitat. Parvu, 2003: 234. Habitat. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257 (habitat in Dupa Lunca marshland: open swampy patches and swamp with bushes and trees). Habitat. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 111 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 74 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes). USA Biology. LaGasa and Antonelli, 2000: 1-8 (Economic importance: on a survey to determine the presence and/or distribution of T. oleracea in Wash with details on the recognition incl. figures, biology incl. phenology and distribution (history) of T. oleracea and T. paludosa). Biology. Papp, 2001: 341 (Economic importance; young larvae feed on decayed vegetable matter in the soil, older larvae migrate at night to feed on plants: barley, oats, wheat, rye, other grasses, turnips, strawberries, peas, corn, tabaco and a serious pest of lawns, grain and sod grasses; hibernates as larva in or on the ground; pupates late May, the adult emerging in August or September). Biology. Koenig and Young, 2007: 64 (Economic importance; endoparasitism by Nephrocerus, Pipunculidae, as possible biological control agent). Biology. Peck et al., 2010: 1-8 (Economic importance; Gauging the pest status of invasive insects is a vital element of postestablishment management and response plans; after their 2004 detection in NY, diverse field observations were summarized to appraise the pest status of Tipula oleracea L. and T. paludosa Meigen in turfgrass of the Northeast United States; see paper for details). Biology. Petersen et al., 2011: 1-6 (Economic importance; two species of crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea) introduced from Europe, Tipula oleracea L. and T. paludosa Meigen, have become established across portions of northeastern United States and present an economic concern to the production sod industry; the presence of both species in northeastern U.S. sod production fields was confirmed in 2009, and on two separate occasions T. paludosa larvae were detected after delivery of sod from producer to consumer; infestation of production fields poses a threat to the quality of the developing sod product as well as a conduit for human-mediated range expansion of an invasive species; as the unintentional transport of larvae in shipments of sod is a major repercussion, much of the burden from invasive crane fly establishmentsmayfall on the consumer; we propose and explain a core set of best management practices for consideration and adoption by sod producers in northeastern U.S.; see paper for details). Biology. Petersen and Peck, 2013: 1463-1472 (Economic importance; feeding on above- and belowground plant tissues by Tipula paludosa Meigen during the period of rapid growth from second to forth instars is highly damaging to cool-season (C3) turfgrasses; it may be possible to reduce this damage by identifying grass genotypes that increase host plant protection; the study examined the impacts of plant genotype, endophyte infection, and plant ontogeny on host plant and insect responses during whole-plant feeding by T. paludosa; see paper for details). Biology. Petersen et al., 2013: 1-11 (Economic importance; the persistence of a species within a habitat patch is determined by the degree to which the habitat meets the species’ biotic and abiotic requirements; localscale spatio-temporal population dynamics should be structured by the heterogeneity of these factors within the habitat patch; this study relates the abiotic (soil moisture) and biotic (plant community) factors defining a continuous turfgrass environment to the temporal population structure and spatial distribution of Tipula paludosa ontogenetic stages across 3 years of investigation; see paper for details). Biology. Williams et al., 2018: 225-231 (the study focuses on four prey species that comprise the main breeding diet of European Starlings: crane fly (Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830) larvae, rat-tailed maggots (Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758)), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758), and (in 2015–2016) black soldier flies; see paper for details). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): Country not relevant Phylogeny. Friedrich and Tautz, 1998: 676, 678, 684 (ingroup taxon in a study titled: Evolution and phylogeny of the Diptera: A molecular phylogenetic analysis using 28S rDNA sequences). Phylogeny. Paramonov, 2004b: 54-57, 66-69 (English version: 17-18, 23-29) (higher taxonomy based on hypopygial musculature). Characters. Gelhaus, 2005: 13 (phylogeny Eremotipula: characters). Immatures. Lantsov, 2009e: 119-127 (comparison, figs). Phylogeny. Schneeberg and Beutel, 2011: 316-343 (on the adult head structures of Tipulomorpha and their phylogenetic implications, with T. paludosa as the main object of study, including many external and internal figures of the male head). Phylogeny. Starkevich, 2012a: 1-219 (outgrop taxon of a taxonomic and phylogentic review of the subgenus Vestiplex based on morphological data, key, figs)(in Lithuanian, see Starkevich, 2012b for detailed English summary). Phylogeny. Schneeberg and Beutel, 2015: 3 (among the aduly taxa examined in a study on the evolution of head structures in Lower Diptera). Phylogeny. Men et al., 2018a: 99 (comparison of male and female internal reproductive systems, based on literure data). Phylogeny. Kang et al., 2023: 735-741 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Xu et al., 2023a: 5, 20-21 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Great Britain Characters. Barnett, 2002: 34 (discriminating characters with oleracea, figs). Characters. Robinson, 2005: 191 (characters). Characters. Benefer et al., 2017: 1-8 (Economic importance; barcoding as a reliable tool to identifyT. paludosa and T. oleracea; North Wyke Farm, Devon; see paper for details). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Immatures. Podeniene et al., 2019: 92, 104-109 (descr first instar larva, rearing, figs). Nearctic Characters. Hoebeke and Klass, 2005: 43 (summary of body characters to separate from oleracea). Characters. Peck et al., 2006: 985-993 (Economic importance; recognition, figs). Immatures. Rao et al., 2006: 33-39 (Economic importance; identification of larvae using mitochondrial cytB sequences). Characters. Peck and Held, 2007: 113-116 (Economic importance; all stages: diagnosis, recognition, figs). Description. Stahnke et al., 2012: 35-38 (Economic importance; review summary on origin, distribution, description, pest status, injury, life history, phenology, management). Description. Vittum, 2020: 299-311 (Economic importance; review of all aspects of the biology, damage, discriminating characters, invasive history, distribution, etc.). Netherlands Characters. Vlug, 2015: 69-75, 143 (Economic importance; tekstbook on eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, damage, phenologie, natural enemies, biological control, chemical control, distribution) (in Dutch). Norway Key. Skartveit, 2006: 1-3 (key, characters, figs). Portugal Characters. Ferreira et al., 2021: 15 (barcoding based on material mentioned in Oosterbroek et al. 2020). Russia Characters. Belyaev and Farisenkov, 2019: 8 (used in a study on allometry of wing shape and venation in Diptera, material was collected in RUC: Moskovskaya oblast). USA Characters. LaGasa and Antonelli, 2000: 1-8 (Economic importance: on a survey to determine the presence and/or distribution of T. oleracea in Wash with details on the recognition incl. figures, biology incl. phenology and distribution (history) of T. oleracea and T. paludosa). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra First record. Oosterbroek and Eiroa, 2004: 200 (loc(s)). Austria Distribution. Aistleitner, 2011: 113 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2011: 52 (checklist Austria, list of provinces). Distribution. Hellrigl, 2012: 119 (loc(s) Sudtirol). Distribution. Aistleitner, 2015: 98 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2016: 77, 81 (loc(s) 4 Bundeslander). Distribution. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: 132 (loc(s) Osttirol, distr in Austria). Distribution. Aistleitner et al., 2024: 34 (loc(s) Vorarlberg). Belarus Distribution. Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: 45 (loc(s), distr, about fauna of raised bogs, for details see paper) (in Russian). Belgium Distribution. Martens et al., 2013: 125 (loc(s) Oost-Vlaanderen). Distribution. Martens et al., 2014: 114, 123 (loc(s) Oost-Vlaanderen). Bosnia-Herzegowina Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 56 (review literature). Bulgaria Distribution. Hubenov, 2021a: 29 (checklist with summary of distr in Bulgaria, references). Channel Is Distribution. Stubbs, 2022b: 5 (on a collection of craneflies from Jersey, collected between 1985 and 2002 by Tony Warne). Country not relevant Distribution. Song et al., 2023: 7-9 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Croatia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 56 (review literature). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary et al., 2005d: 37 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Denmark Distribution. Petersen et al., 2001b: 163 (checklist). Distribution. Nielsen et al., 2016: 17, 26, 34 (loc(s) Thy National Park). Distribution. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2001a: 142, 149 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2002: 31 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary and Salmela, 2004: 47 (loc(s)). Distribution. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 49 (loc(s) Aland Is). Distribution. Salmela, 2010a: 13 (survey fauna Tahmela spring in city of Tampere) (in Finnish). Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 241 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies). Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 35 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). France Distribution. Dufour, 2003b: 90 (loc(s) with information on habitat(s)) (in French). Distribution. Nicolas, 2006: 68 (on findings in the Picardie or Ile-de-France) (in French). Distribution. Breil-Moubayed and Garrigue, 2014: 68 (in: Biocenoses aquatiques et subaquatiques de la vallee fluviale de la Massane. Etude diachronique; Pyrenees-Orientales (66)). Distribution. Garrin and Herbrecht, 2016: Annexe 14 (loc(s) Notre-Dame-des-Landes, Loire-Atlantique (44)). Distribution. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: 169-170 (new and published records Ile-de-France). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020a: 24-25, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of Pays de la Loire: Mayenne (53), Sarthe (72), Loire-Atlantique (44), Maine-et-Loire (49) and Vendee (85)) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020b: 130-131 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 24, 26 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Quindroit, 2022a: 25-28 (additions to the annotated list of the Tipuloidea of Pays de la Loire as given in Quindroit, 2020a). Germany Distribution. Schacht et al., 2001: 429 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss, 2003: 14 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 4 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 89 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 38 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Merkel-Wallner et al., 2011: 214 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Dau, 2013: 42, Anhang 1: 32 (among species found in Salzquellen in Schleswig-Holstein). Distribution. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: 21-24 (loc(s) Bayern, table with Malaise trap habitats and species; see paper for details). Distribution. Dunk and Kraus, 2014: 168 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Merkel-Wallner, 2014: 49 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Heiss and Flugel, 2015: 271, 275-276 (loc(s) Hessen; review local distribution and biology, citing various authors). Distribution. Schneeberg and Beutel, 2015: 3 (loc(s) Thuringen: Jena). Distribution. Wolz, 2016: 3-6 (one of the 13 Tipulidae species of which remains were found in the faeces of the Greater Horshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) at Hohenburg, Bayern; final report in Wolz, 2018). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2017: 170-171 (loc(s) Thuringen). Distribution. Heiss, 2017a: 563, 564, 56, 571 (loc(s) Dinkelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg and table with details on presence in the various biotop-groups, species of open biotops but also foud in forest areas). Distribution. Heiss, 2017b: 23 (checklist Tipulidae Thuringen). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 79, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Heiss et al., 2019: 253 (loc(s); annotated checklist of the Tipulidae of Niedersachsen and Bremen, including the presence in the surrounding Bundeslandern and the Netherlands) (in German). Distribution. Heiss, 2019: 37, 44 (loc(s) and checklist Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, see paper for further details). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 28, 240 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources including economical damage). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 319 (loc(s) Hessen). Distribution. Heiss and Malec, 2023: 330 (annotated checklist Hessen). Great Britain Distribution. Godfrey, 2001a: 21, 23 (loc(s)). Distribution. Barnett, 2002: 34 (loc(s) Wyre forest [Worcestershire]). Distribution. Corbet, 2004: 128 (loc(s)). Distribution. Robinson, 2005: 191 (distr). Distribution. Stubbs, 2006c: 169 (loc(s)). Distribution. Boardman, 2007: 30 (distr, map). Distribution. Wormell, 2007: 149 (loc(s) Isle of Rum). Distribution. Skidmore, 2008a: 59 (loc(s) Tiree, Western Isles, Scotland). Distribution. Skidmore, 2009: 125 (review of occurrence on the Western Isles of Scotland, distr). Distribution. Morris, 2010a: 15 (loc(s)). Distribution. Brock, 2011: 256 (known from the New Forest). Distribution. Drake, 2011a: 26 (loc(s) Devon). Distribution. Hancock, 2011a: 2 (loc(s) Coll, Southern Inner Hebrides). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 11 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Blackshaw and Hicks, 2012: 53-62 (loc(s) Devon). Distribution. Kramer, 2012e: 3 (on a population explosion in 2010 in Southend, as reported by Roger Payne, including a photo of a very large mass of adults). Distribution. Bearup et al., 2013: 393-409 (loc(s) Scotland). Distribution. Kramer, 2013i: 5, 8 (checklist of species from Leigh Woods NNR, Bristol district). Distribution. Stubbs, 2013: 27 (loc(s) Lancaster). Distribution. Hewitt, 2014: (provisional checklist Cumbrian Diptera). Distribution. Wolton et al., 2014: 26 (among Diptera associated with a hedge in Devon). Distribution. Alexander, 2015: 3 (result of a study on sampling techniques in Cornwall, showing productive pitfall-trapping for moorland crane flies). Distribution. Chandler, 2015: 89 (loc(s) Bushy Park, Middlesex). Distribution. Hancock, 2015: 31 (loc(s) Scotland). Distribution. Showers, 2015: 2 (on craneflies in moth traps at Pitsford Water Nature Reserve in 2013 and 2014, including information for the two traps and photos of their habitat). Distribution. Drake, 2016: 22 (study on the relative importance to Diptera of pasture and ditch margins on Catcott Reserve, Somerset). Distribution. Robinson et al., 2016: 80 (list of terrestrial invertebrates of Mingulay Is, Outer Hebrides). Distribution. Showers, 2016: 2 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Benefer et al., 2017: 1-8 (Economic importance; barcoding as a reliable tool to identifyT. paludosa and T. oleracea; North Wyke Farm, Devon; see paper for details). Distribution. Brighton, 2017b: 31, 44 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Distribution. Showers, 2017a: 4 (loc(s) Northamptonshire). Distribution. Sims and Chandler, 2017: 43 (on larva(e) recorded from underground [hypogean] pitfall traps sited in a grassy field margn at Jealotts Hill, Berkshire). Distribution. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Distribution. MacDonald, 2018: 214 (loc(s) Scottish Highland). Distribution. Harvey, 2021: 5 (brief notes on rearing records for craneflies; a larva was found under stones in moorland on 9 May 1999, kept indoors, an adult female emerged 7 August 1999; loc Mid-west Yorkshire). Distribution. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: 21 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Weddle, 2021: 89 (loc(s) Glasgow Botanic Gardens, Scotland; collected in a moth trap). Hungary Distribution. Toth, 2001a: 378 (literature records Somogy county). Distribution. Toth, 2005: 169 (loc(s)). Distribution. Vers and Toth, 2014: xx (loc(s) Tapolca basin). Iceland First record. Libungan et al., 2009: 107-112 (loc(s) Iceland). Distribution. Olsen in litt., 2018: (collected in Iceland in July 2018). Ireland Distribution. Ashe et al., 2007a: 302, 333-335, 342, 350, 354 (review Irish records, map). Distribution. Ashe et al., 2008: 17 (refers to records in Blackshaw, 1983a, and Speight, 1990). Distribution. Chandler et al., 2008: 6 (checklist). Italy Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2008c: 342 (annotated checklist South Tyrol [Prov. Bolzano]). Distribution. Toma et al., 2018: 70-71 (loc(s) Lazio, Riserva Naturale dell Acquafredda; chorotype; checklist city of Roma). Liechtenstein First record. Aistleitner, 2015: 98 (loc(s)). Lithuania Distribution. Podeniene, 2000: 6 (loc(s)). Distribution. Podeniene, 2001a: 83 (loc(s)). Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 29 (checklist). Distribution. Starkevich, 2012a: 204 (loc(s) Taurages). Luxembourg Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 351, 353 (loc(s), distr). Nearctic Distribution. Rao and Gelhaus, 2004: 253-254 (Economic importance; invasion history). Distribution. Hoebeke and Klass, 2005: 43 (Economic importance: in the Pacific Northwest and in Nsc, T. paludosa has been found feeding on turf grasses and such hosts as annual and perennial flowers and several types of vegetables and small fruits. In portions of the Niagara peninsula of Ont, large populations have caused destruction of many home lawns; phenology, single generation a year). Distribution. Hoebeke and Klass, 2005: 43 (first record for Eastern United States (NY), summary of invasion history). Distribution. Umble and Rao, 2005: 41-51 (Economic importance; invasion history in western Nearctic, loc(s)). Distribution. Gelhaus, 2006: 97-98 (Economic importance; review distribution). Distribution. Held and Gelhaus, 2006: 89 (Economic importance; distr, incl. NY). Distribution. Peck et al., 2006: 985-993 (Economic importance; invasion history, loc(s) NY, distr). Distribution. Rao et al., 2006: 33-39 (Economic importance; loc(s) Oreg, review Nearctic distr). Distribution. Simard et al., 2006: 43-45 (Economic importance; loc(s) Que). Distribution. Peck and Held, 2007: 113-116 (Economic importance; distr, map). Distribution. Peck, 2007: 61-63 (Economic importance; summary on oleracea, anticipating arrival of paludosa in Mich). Distribution. Peck et al., 2008: 989 (Economic importance; invasion history). Distribution. Peck and Olmstead, 2009a: 652-658 (Economic importance; details on geographic distribution and local incidence in NY, and as compared to oleracea; summary of 2009a in Peck and Olmstead, 2009b). Distribution. Taschereau et al., 2009: 681-693 (Economic importance; extensive study on seasonal ecology on golf courses in Que, invasive history, loc(s), distr). Distribution. Petersen, 2012: 885-897 (Ecological niche models assume a species niche should be conserved over space and time; increasingly, studies have determined that niche shifts may occur during biological invasion events; the aim of this study is to examine niche conservation for two invasive crane flies, Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen, after introductions into North America; these species have broadly sympatric invasive distributions but differ in time since introduction and dispersal abilities; see paper for details). Distribution. Stahnke et al., 2012: 35-38 (Economic importance; review summary on origin, distribution, description, pest status, injury, life history, phenology, management). Distribution. Vittum, 2020: 299-311 (Economic importance; review of all aspects of the biology, damage, discriminating characters, invasive history, distribution, etc.). Netherlands Distribution. de Jong and Oosterbroek, 2002d: 42 (checklist). Distribution. Wielink and Spijkers, 2013: 210 (loc(s) Noord-Brabant, at light). Distribution. Oosterbroek, 2014: 258 (loc(s) Friesland). Distribution. Vlug, 2015: 69-75, 143 (Economic importance; tekstbook on eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, damage, phenologie, natural enemies, biological control, chemical control, distribution) (in Dutch). Distribution. Tschorsnig, 2017: 286 (host of Palaearctic Tachinidae, for species of Tachinidae, localities and references see paper). Distribution. Barendregt et al., 2019: 13 (loc(s) Vijheerenlanden). Distribution. Oosterbroek and de Jong, 2020: 46 (Tipulidae Kaaistoep, Noord-Brabant). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: 19 (Limoniidae and Tipulidae Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in 2018, Zuid-Holland). North Macedonia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 56 (review literature). Norway Distribution. Skartveit, 2006: 1-3 (distr). Distribution. Hofsvang, 2010: 13-14 (loc(s), distr in Norway). Distribution. Hofsvang et al., 2019: 128-130, 144-145 (review Norwegian records, annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). First record. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: 40 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Distribution. Palaczyk, 2001: 270 (loc(s)). Distribution. Skibinska and Chudzicke, 2007b: 78 (checklist). Distribution. Soszynski et al., 2010: 171 (loc(s) Wzniesienia Lodzkie Landscape Park). Distribution. Palaczyk and Klasa, 2021: 174 (list of Diptera in Catalogue of the fauna of the Ojcow National Park). Portugal Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 80 (checklist). Distribution. Eiroa, 2008a: 333 (a list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos) (in Portuguese and English). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2020: 350 (recorded from four provinces, distr). Romania Distribution. Parvu, 2003: 234 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2004: 188 (loc(s)). Distribution. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 257 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2007: 234 (loc(s) Maramures Depression). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 232-233 (checklist Tipulidae). Distribution. Parvu, 2009: 448 (on some Diptera from Bucuresti and its surroundings). Distribution. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 111 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 74 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes). Distribution. Torok et al., 2014: 19 (checklist Romania). Russia Distribution. Paramonov, 2004b: 54-57, 66-69 (English version: 17-18, 23-29) (loc(s) RUW: Novgorodskaya oblast). Distribution. Paramonov, 2006a: 149 (loc(s) RUC: Ulyanovskaya oblast, distr). Distribution. Pilipenko, 2009a: 216-217 (annotated checklist Tipulidae Central European Territory, loc(s) RUC, distr). Distribution. Jakovlev et al., 2014: 310 (loc(s) RUN: Kareliya). Distribution. Ruchin and Pilipenko, 2015: 59 (checklist RUC: Mordoviya Rep.). Distribution. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 101 (loc(s) RUC: Tverskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Belyaev and Farisenkov, 2019: 8 (used in a study on allometry of wing shape and venation in Diptera, material was collected in RUC: Moskovskaya oblast). Distribution. Pilipenko et al., 2020: 366 (loc(s) RUC: Mordoviya Rep., distr). Distribution. Humala and Polevoi, 2022: 33 (loc(s) RUN: Arkhangelskaya oblast). Serbia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 50 (review literature). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009k: webpage (checklist). Slovenia Distribution. Simova-Tosic and Oosterbroek, 2003: 56 (review literature). Spain Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002b: 80 (checklist). Distribution. Baez and Garcia, 2004: 280 (lista de especies silvestres de Canarias). Distribution. Robledo, 2014: 264 (loc(s) Sierra de Guadarrama). Distribution. Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: 134-135 (loc(s) Barcelona, Gerona and Lerida, list of Spanish provinces, distr) (in Spanish). Sweden Distribution. Salmela, 2010b: 134 (loc(s) Malmo). Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 63 (loc(s) Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Switzerland Distribution. Dufour and Merz, 2012: 356 (annotated checklist canton Geneva). USA Distribution. LaGasa and Antonelli, 2000: 1-8 (Economic importance: on a survey to determine the presence and/or distribution of T. oleracea in Wash with details on the recognition incl. figures, biology incl. phenology and distribution (history) of T. oleracea and T. paludosa). Distribution. Peck et al., 2010: 1-8 (Economic importance; Gauging the pest status of invasive insects is a vital element of postestablishment management and response plans; after their 2004 detection in NY, diverse field observations were summarized to appraise the pest status of Tipula oleracea L. and T. paludosa Meigen in turfgrass of the Northeast United States; see paper for details). Distribution. Peck et al., 2010: 1-8 (loc(s) northeasern USA). Distribution. Byers and Arnaud, 2011: 153-154 (Economic importance; invasive history). Distribution. Petersen and Peck, 2013: 1463-1472 (loc(s) NY). Distribution. Petersen et al., 2013: 1-11 (loc(s) NY). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra Oosterbroek and Eiroa, 2004: month(s): 9. Austria Aistleitner, 2011: month(s): 9. Hellrigl, 2012: month(s): 8. Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 7-9. Heiss et al., 2016: month(s): 7-10. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: month(s): 7-9. Aistleitner et al., 2024: month(s): 9. Belarus Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: month(s): 9. Belgium Martens et al., 2013: month(s): 8-9. Martens et al., 2014: month(s): 9. Channel Is Stubbs, 2022b: month(s): 9-10. Czech Rep. Stary et al., 2005d: month(s): 7-10. Denmark Nielsen et al., 2016: month(s): 5, 8-10. Finland Salmela, 2001a: month(s): 8. France Dufour, 2003b: month(s): 10. Tillier and Dehalleux, 2019: month(s): 5, 8-10. Quindroit, 2020a: month(s): 5, 9-10. Quindroit, 2020b: month(s): 6-10. Germany Schacht et al., 2001: month(s): 7-10. Heiss and Merkel-Wallner, 2013: month(s): 8-9. Heiss et al., 2017: month(s): 7-11. Heiss, 2017a: month(s): 9-10. Dunk, 2018: month(s): 5-7. Heiss et al., 2019: month(s): 9. Heiss, 2019: month(s): 8-9. Heiss and Malec, 2023: month(s): 5-9. Great Britain Godfrey, 2001a: month(s): 5. Barnett, 2002: month(s): 10. Stubbs, 2006c: month(s): 10. Wormell, 2007: month(s): 8. Skidmore, 2008a: month(s): 6. Morris, 2010a: month(s): 9. Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 6, 8. Kramer, 2012e: month(s): 8. Stubbs, 2013: month(s): 7. Chandler, 2015: month(s): 9. Hancock, 2015: month(s): 8-9. MacDonald, 2018: month(s): 8. Kramer and Morris, 2021b: month(s): 4-10. Hungary Vers and Toth, 2014: month(s): 8-9. Ireland Ashe et al., 2007a: month(s): 7-10. Italy Toma et al., 2018: month(s): 5, 9-11. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2015: month(s): 8-9. Lithuania Starkevich, 2012a: month(s): 5. Luxembourg Vogtenhuber, 2007: month(s): 8-10. Nearctic Hoebeke and Klass, 2005: month(s): 8-10. Peck et al., 2006: month(s): 9-11. Simard et al., 2006: month(s): 8-9. Taschereau et al., 2009: month(s): 8-10. Netherlands Wielink and Spijkers, 2013: month(s): 8-9. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: month(s): 8-9. Norway Skartveit, 2006: month(s): 7-9. Hofsvang et al., 2019: month(s): 7-9. Olsen and Andersen, 2022: month(s): 7. Portugal Oosterbroek et al., 2020: month(s): 9. Romania Parvu, 2003: month(s): 8-9. Parvu, 2004: month(s): 8. Parvu, 2007: month(s): 9. Parvu, 2009: month(s): 5. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: month(s): 6, 10. Kolcsar et al., 2013: month(s): 5, 9. Russia Paramonov, 2006a: month(s): 8. Pilipenko, 2009a: month(s): 7-8. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: month(s): 7-9. Pilipenko et al., 2020: month(s): 8-9. Spain Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: month(s): 7-8, 10. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra Oosterbroek and Eiroa, 2004: altitude: 900 m. Austria Aistleitner, 2011: altitude: 450 m. Hellrigl, 2012: altitude: 800 m. Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 435-2000 m. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: altitude: 1250-1360 m. Aistleitner et al., 2024: altitude: 450 m. Bulgaria Hubenov, 2021a: altitude: 0-550 m. France Dufour, 2003b: altitude: 70 m. Germany Merkel-Wallner et al., 2011: altitude: 800-899 m. Heiss et al., 2017: altitude: 150-800 m. Great Britain Harvey, 2021: altitude: 360 m. Liechtenstein Aistleitner, 2015: altitude: 430-670 m. Portugal Oosterbroek et al., 2020: altitude: 890 m. Romania Parvu, 2003: altitude: 1100 m. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: altitude: 670 m. Spain Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: altitude: 1600 m.