Details for Limonia phragmitidis

Name: Limonia phragmitidis (Schrank, 1781) Publication: Enum. ins. Austr. indig.: 426 (as Tipula) Status: Recognized taxon, Synonym(s): tripunctata (Fabricius, 1781). Classification: Family Limoniidae Subfamily Limoniinae Descriptive note: See borealis. Keys: Stary and Freidberg, 2007 (Limoniidae Israel); Peeters en Oosterbroek, 2014c (craneflies Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) (in Dutch); Boardman, 2016 (craneflies Shropshire); Stubbs and Kramer, 2016h; Stubbs, 2021 (British craneflies); Ren and Yang, 2020 (Limonia NW China); Lv et al., 2023b (Limonia China) Variant spelling(s): phragmatidis habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male habitus male plus 43 more images of habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, habitus, body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), body part(s), hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, hypopygium, ovipositor, ovipositor, wing, wing, wing, wing, wing, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat, habitat and habitat. Distribution: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (incl. Corsica), Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (incl. Sardinia, Sicily), Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part: Edirne, Kirklareli), Ukraine; Russia: RUN, RUW, RUC, RUE, RUS, North Caucasus; Morocco; Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (Asiatic part: widespread), Israel, Jordan;; Russia: WS (Altay); Kazakhstan (east), Kyrgyzstan; China (Xinjiang). Note: see the manual for abbreviations: present-day Russia. Region(s): Westpalaearctic;; Eastpalaearctic General note: Added: Spain (Geiger et al., 1994), Jordan (Amr et al., 1997). For Italy check Stary and Oosterbroek, 1996, and citations below. For Finland check Salmela, 2012b, 2012c, and citations below. For Norway check Olsen et al., 2018, and citations below. For Spain check Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019, and citations below. For Portugal check Oosterbroek et al., 2020, and citations below. For Great Britain and Ireland check Stubbs, 2021, and citations below. For Morocco check Kettani and Oosterbroek, 2022a, and citations below. Map: Koc, 2004 (Mugla); Podenas et al., 2006 (Switzerland); Boardman, 2007 (Shropshire); Kolcsar et al., 2017b (collecting sites Balcan region) Biology: Alexander, 1919e (as tripunctata Fabricius) (habitat). Figure references: Habitus: Papp and Schumann, 2000; Mederos and Eiroa, 2017 (sex?); Ren and Yang, 2020 (male); Olsen and Andersen, 2021 (male); Kramer and Morris, 2022b (male) Wing: Alexander, 1972g (as tripunctata); Slipka and Stary, 1977b; Podenas et al., 2006; Ren and Yang, 2020 Hypopygium: Paramonov, 2004b (incl. musculature) (as tripunctata); Podenas et al., 2006; Kolcsar et al., 2017b; Ren and Yang, 2020 Ovipositor: Ren and Yang, 2020 Other figures: Frantsevich, 2004 (mid coxa) (as tripunctata); Ren and Yang, 2020 (thorax) Immature stages Larva: Podeniene, 2003a; Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c Miscellaneous Mederos and Eiroa, 2017 (habitat); Ren and Yang, 2020 (habitat) Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Austria Habitat. Aistleitner et al., 2024: 32 (loc(s) Vorarlberg, see habitat photo above). Azerbaijan Habitat. Stary and Obona, 2020: 137 (loc(s); with list of localities, habitats and altitudes). Belarus Habitat. Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: 45 (loc(s), distr, about fauna of raised bogs, for details see paper) (in Russian). Habitat. Paramonov, 2019a: 95 (loc(s) Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, distr, habitats, citing various authors) (in Russian). Bulgaria Habitat. Hubenov, 2025a: suppl: 4 (annotated list Diptera Stara Planina Mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). Habitat. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 7 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). China Habitat. Ren and Yang, 2020: 51-53 (often collected with sylvicola and stigma in Hemu (China: Xinjiang, Burqin); these species often aggregate in shaded understory plants in white Birch [Betula] forests during the day (see habitat photo(s) above) [from the same locality also macrostigma and taurica were collected]). Country not relevant Habitat. Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c: 1-294 (larva: descr, figs, biology, key) (in Russian, key also in English). Czech Rep. Habitat. Stary et al., 2013b: 377 (on Limonidae from Vraz near Pisek, with general habitat description). Habitat. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: 66-67 (on Limoniidae and Pediciidae of two localities in northern Bohemia, with list of localities, altitudes and habitats). Denmark Habitat. Byriel and Rojas, 2017: 118 (among the 101 species in a study on cranefly hotspots in unmanaged and managed forests) (in Danish). Biology. Haarder and Makol, 2022: 508-509 (loc(s); updated list of terrestrial Parasitengona mites of Denmark and parasite-host associations with their arthropod hosts; listed as host of the mite Calyptostoma velutinum; review of Limonidae records from this mite, citing various authors). Estonia Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: 143 (small stream near to Baltic Sea). Finland Habitat. Salmela, 2001a: 144, 146, 151 (terrestrial species of more humid locations, potential semiaquatic, citing Brinkmann, 1991). Habitat. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 48 (habitats Aland Is). France Habitat. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160 (marshland species with larvae in the more or less saturated organic mud of lake margins and marshes). Habitat. Kramer, 2007a: 33 (adults were collected from grassland). Biology. Quindroit, 2020a: 38-39, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit, 2020b: 138 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Habitat. Herbrecht et al., 2021: 57 (loc(s) Loire-Atlantique (44) based on malaise-trapping with notes on habitats) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 25 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Quindroit et al., 2021: 256-258 (collected during an entomological inventory in the canopy of Oak [Quercus] stands; sous-bois, saprophages). Habitat. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Habitat. Quindroit, 2021c: 424, 426 (loc(s) Mercantour National Park, Alpes-Maritimes (06), very common species: mostly in forests, according to Geiger (1985), ubiquitous up to subalpine level). Habitat. Labat, 2022: 52-67 (preliminary study on Diptera of riparian corridors at several localities in France; supplements: loc(s) Puy-de-Dome (63) and Pyrenees-Orientales (66)) (in French). Habitat. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 24 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Georgia Habitat. Stary and Obona, 2020: 137 (loc(s); with list of localities, habitats and altitudes). Germany Habitat. Ruckert, 2005: 47, 53 (found in a study on the association with the type of source: limnokrene, rheokrene, or helokrene in Schlesig-Holstein; see paper for details, as well as Anhang A2-A10). Habitat. Wittrock, 2005: 84 (summer emergence; rheokrene and limnokrene). Habitat. Reiff et al., 2015: 234 (loc(s) Baden-Wurttemberg with list of habitats). Habitat. Dunk, 2018: 80, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Great Britain Habitat. Godfrey, 2000a: 20, 23. Habitat. Godfrey, 2001a: 22, 24. Habitat. Alexander, 2002: 90 (lowland broadleaved woods on good soils; larvae in soil overlain by leaf-litter but also reared from various bracket fungi). Habitat. Godfrey, 2003a: 22, 43 (adults were taken from an emergence trap filled with semi-submerged logs). Biology. Stubbs, 2006a: 134 (behaviour and feeding on Acer pseudoplatanus leaves). Habitat. Boardman, 2007: 84 (species of woodland found in a range of sites from peat carr to well drained woods). Habitat. Chandler, 2010c: 431 (overview of known fungus associations: Cortinarius, Russula (all foreign records)). Habitat. Skidmore, 2010: 161 (reared as casuals from cow dung). Habitat. Drake, 2011a: 13, 24 (among the Diptera from a wet Alder [Alnus] wood in Devon). Habitat. Kramer, 2011j: 23 (a widespread species, often frequent in shaded grassy places). Habitat. Kramer and Morris, 2022b: 24 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55); usually encountered in shaded grassy places). Greece Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 46, 50, 56 (commonly found in wet wooded, and humid ecosystems, having semi-aquatic larvae (Drake 2011, Kolcsár et al. 2013); collected here in Willow [Salix sp.] forest along the Nestos River, Xanthi prov., map). Ireland Habitat. Ashe et al., 2008: 11 (found in lowland broadleaved woodlands on rich soils). Italy Habitat. Stary, 2002a: 106 (semi-wet Fraxinus and semi-dry Quercus forest). Habitat. Stary, 2003a: 125. Lithuania Habitat. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Habitat. Podeniene, 2003b: 11, 22, 23, 29 (larval habitat: mud on swampy riversides, uppermost layer of soil of old deciduous forest rich in epiphytes and of Quercus and Quercus-Carpinus forests). Biology. Gorban and Podeniene, 2022: 5, 8 (loc(s); reared from Linden [Tilia cordata], species with a typical development habitat in moist soil or leaf litter; see paper for details). Luxembourg Habitat. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 355 (Larven wurden in humoser Erde unter Buschen gefunden). Montenegro Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 55 (collected in a Quercus forest). Morocco Habitat. Driauach and Belqat, 2016: 142 (loc(s) Rif Mts with list of habitats). Norway Habitat. Olsen and Andersen, 2021: 215 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Habitat. Chaniecka and Wiedenska, 2006: 149 (occurrence in spring-, springbrook-, and/or bogspring plant communities) (in Polish). Habitat. Wiedenska, 2014: 14 (on the occurence of Limoniidae in six selected plant communities in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians; data based on Chaniecka and Wiedenska, 2006) (in Polish, habitat tables also in English). Phenology. Wiedenska, 2015a: 54 (on the flight activity of Limoniidae in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians) (in Polish, tables also in English). Habitat. Wiedenska, 2017a: 23 (faunistic and habitat data of species from the Gorce NP) (in Polish). Romania Habitat. Parvu, 2003: 233. Habitat. Ujvarosi, 2005a: 246 (terrestrial, citing various sources). Habitat. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 256 (habitat in Dupa Lunca marshland: predominantly at damp meadows). Habitat. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 109 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Habitat. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 70, 72 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes; one of the most abundant and most frequent species; a rather common species in wet and humid ecosystems). Russia Habitat. Krivosheina, N.P., 2009a: 125-133 (review Russian xylophilous Limoniidae, mainly inhabiting bark and wood of decomposing trees, citing Tjeder, 1958 [found in litter and the upper layer of soil]) (in Russian). Habitat. Lantsov in litt., 2014: (found in beech-hornbeam broad-leaved forest with young growth of maple). Habitat. Lantsov, 2014d: 109-110 (on coniferous forest communities of the Teberda River valley: found in fir-tree maple ford and light coniferous sparse pine-forb communities) (in Russian) (information kindly provided by Vladimir Lantsov). Habitat. Lantsov, 2017b: 107 (on dominant species of the crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) of the North Caucasus as biological indicators of habitats) (in Russian). Turkey Biology. Koc, 2004: 110, 116-118, 154 (habitat; phenology) (in Turkish). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): China Description. Ren and Yang, 2020: 33, 40-43 (descr, key, comparison, figs). Country not relevant Characters. Frantsevich, 2004: 133-134 (structure of coxa, figs) (as tripunctata). Phylogeny. Paramonov, 2004b: 54, 63-69 (English version: 17, 22-29) (higher taxonomy based on hypopygial musculature) (as tripunctata). Characters. Kramer, 2008a: 6 (colouration of femora in comparison to stigma). Immatures. Krivosheina and Krivosheina, 2011c: 1-294 (larva: descr, figs, biology, key) (in Russian, key also in English). Phylogeny. Ren et al., 2019a: 719-720 (complete mitochondrial DNA, phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Ren et al., 2019b: 3092-3093 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Ren et al., 2019c: 3742-3743 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Zhao et al., 2019: 4211-4212 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Ci and Kang, 2021: 674-677 (mitochondrial genome sequencing Trichoceridae: outgroup taxon; phylogeny Tipuloidea and Trichoceridae). Phylogeny. Zhang, B. et al., 2021a: 1321-1323 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Zhao et al., 2021: 115-118 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Zhang, X. et al., 2022: 1-17 (mitochondrial genome used in a study with the title: New data on the mitochondrial genome of Nematocera (lower Diptera): features, structures and phylogenetic implications). ). Phylogeny. Gao, Y. et al., 2023: 233-235 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Kang et al., 2023: 735-741 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Song et al., 2023: 7-9 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Xu et al., 2023a: 5, 20-21 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Gao, Y. et al., 2024: 267-288 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Zhang, L. et al., 2024: 897-901 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Phylogeny. Feng et al., 2025: 4-17 (phylogeny Tipuloidea based on mitochondrial genome sequencing). Great Britain Immatures. Reusch, 2007: 871 (female pupa in coll. Beling). Characters. Kramer and Morris, 2022b: 24 (diagnosis, figs). Israel Key. Stary and Freidberg, 2007: 303, 305, 345, 349 (only known from older literature, confirmation required, key). Lithuania Immatures. Podeniene, 2003a: 1-295 (larva, descr, figs, habitat) (in Lithuanian). Portugal Characters. Ferreira et al., 2021: 11 (barcoding based on material mentioned in Oosterbroek et al. 2020). Russia Characters. Belyaev and Farisenkov, 2019: 8 (used in a study on allometry of wing shape and venation in Diptera, material was collected in RUC: Moskovskaya oblast). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra First record. Eiroa and Baez, 2002a: 55-56 (checklist, loc(s)). Distribution. Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: 132 (loc(s), distr) (in Spanish). Austria Distribution. Reusch and Heiss, 2012: 323-332 (loc(s) Nat. Park Gesause, see PDF for months and altitudes). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 56 (loc(s) Vienna, map). Distribution. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: 139 (loc(s) Osttirol). Distribution. Aistleitner et al., 2024: 32 (loc(s) Vorarlberg, see habitat photo above). Azerbaijan Distribution. Stary et al., 2018: 267 (loc(s), distr). Distribution. Stary and Obona, 2020: 137 (loc(s); with list of localities, habitats and altitudes). Distribution. Snegovaya, 2021: 1139 (checklist with details on distr in Azerbaijan) (also as tripunctata). Belarus First record. Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: 45 (loc(s), distr, about fauna of raised bogs, for details see paper) (in Russian). Distribution. Gavryushin in litt., 2013d: (loc(s) Minsk region). Distribution. Paramonov, 2019a: 95 (loc(s) Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, distr, habitats, citing various authors) (in Russian). Belgium Distribution. Martens et al., 2014: 114, 124 (loc(s) Oost-Vlaanderen). Distribution. Dek and Peeters, 2023a: 137 (loc(s) Botanic Garden Jean Massart, Brussels-Capital Region, common in Belgium, can be numerous). Bosnia-Herzegowina Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 58 (loc(s) Hutovo Blato NP, map). Bulgaria Distribution. Hubenov, 2015: 222 (annotated list Diptera Pirin Mt, loc(s), faunistics and zoogeography). Distribution. Hubenov, 2016: 49 (annotated checklist Diptera of the Rila Mountains based on data from the literature). Distribution. Hubenov, 2017: 70 (on vertical distribution in the Pirin and Rila Mts; see paper for details on forests and subalpine-alpine zones, distr). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 54-57 (6 loc(s), map). Distribution. Hubenov, 2021a: 37 (checklist with summary of distr in Bulgaria, references). Distribution. Hubenov, 2025a: suppl: 4 (annotated list Diptera Stara Planina Mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). Distribution. Hubenov, 2025b: suppl: 7 (annotated list Diptera high Bulgarian mts, local distr, habitats and zoogeography). China First record. Ren and Yang, 2020: 33, 42-43 (loc(s) Xinjiang). Croatia Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2015a: 34 (loc(s), distr). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2023b: 24 (loc(s)). Czech Rep. Distribution. Stary et al., 2005a: 28 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2009i: webpage (checklist). Distribution. Stary et al., 2013b: 377 (on Limonidae from Vraz near Pisek, with general habitat description). Distribution. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: 66-67 (on Limoniidae and Pediciidae of two localities in northern Bohemia, with list of localities, altitudes and habitats). Denmark Distribution. Petersen and Jong, 2001b: 150 (checklist). Distribution. Haarder and Makol, 2022: 508-509 (loc(s); updated list of terrestrial Parasitengona mites of Denmark and parasite-host associations with their arthropod hosts; listed as host of the mite Calyptostoma velutinum; review of Limonidae records from this mite, citing various authors). Estonia First record. Kolcsar et al., 2021b: 143 (loc(s)). Finland Distribution. Salmela, 2001a: 144, 146, 151 (loc(s)). Distribution. Salmela, 2002: 30-32 (loc(s) lake Iidesjarvi) (in Finnish). Distribution. Salmela et al., 2007b: 46 (loc(s)). Distribution. Autio and Salmela, 2010: 48 (loc(s) Aland Is). Distribution. Salmela, 2012b: 238 (annotated list of Finnish crane flies). Distribution. Salmela and Petrasiunas, 2014: 30 (checklist Finnish Tipulomorpha). France Distribution. Kramer and Withers, 2007: 160, 163 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Kramer, 2007a: 33 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Withers, 2008: 137 (loc(s) Ain (01)). Distribution. Labat, 2013: 74 (on a sampling campaign on the Dordogne river sources, five Upper-Dordogne tributaries and a travertine, Auvergne, with information on the biocenotypes; see paper for details) (in French). Distribution. Garrin and Herbrecht, 2016: Annexe 11 (loc(s) Notre-Dame-des-Landes, Loire-Atlantique (44)). Distribution. Kramer and Langlois, 2019a: 76 (record(s) Ravin de Valbois, Doubs (25)). Distribution. Kramer and Langlois, 2019b: 228 (list of craneflies captured 25-27 june 2019 in Ravin de Valbois, Doubs (25)). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020a: 38-39, 45-48 (annotated list with information on abundancy and habitat of the Tipuloidea of the Pays de la Loire regoin, distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020b: 138 (loc(s) Nord (59) and Pas-de-Calais (62) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit, 2020d: 328 (collected at the Golf de Vidauban, Vidauban, Var (83)). Distribution. Herbrecht et al., 2021: 57 (loc(s) Loire-Atlantique (44) based on malaise-trapping with notes on habitats) (in French). Distribution. Labat, 2021: 92 (on Diptera taxa recorded along the over-all length of the Dordogne River and some of its tributaries; see paper for the locality details) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2021a: 25 (loc(s), resultats de deux campagnes de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Quindroit et al., 2021: 257 (recorded for l Allier (03), Cher (18) and Loiret (45)). Distribution. Quindroit, 2021a: 36 (loc(s), resultats d une campagne de piegeage dans le Pas-de-Calais (62); see paper for details on habitat). Distribution. Quindroit, 2021c: 424, 426 (loc(s) Mercantour National Park, Alpes-Maritimes (06), very common species: mostly in forests, according to Geiger (1985), ubiquitous up to subalpine level). Distribution. Tissot et al., 2021: 209 (the Diptera of the Reserves Naturelles Nationales du Doubs (25), results of Malaise trapping since 2009) (in French). Distribution. Labat, 2022: 52-67 (preliminary study on Diptera of riparian corridors at several localities in France; supplements: loc(s) Puy-de-Dome (63) and Pyrenees-Orientales (66)) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 24 (loc(s) Aisne (02), Oise (60) and Somme (80) with notes on habitats and distr) (in French). Distribution. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: 37 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Hauts-de-France region). Distribution. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: 9 (loc(s) Hautes-Alpes (05), Jura (39), Loiret (45), Haute-Marne (52), Nievre (58), Vosges (88)). Distribution. Quindroit and Racine, 2025: 360 (table specifying the presence in the five departments of the Pays de la Loire region). Georgia Distribution. Stary and Obona, 2020: 137 (loc(s); with list of localities, habitats and altitudes). Distribution. Lantsov, 2022c: 57 (loc(s) Abkhazia, distr) (in Russian). Germany Distribution. Schacht, 1999: 135 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Reusch and Oosterbroek, 2000: 162 (checklist German Bundeslander). Distribution. Reusch and Bellstedt, 2001b: 75 (checklist Thuringen). Distribution. Ruckert, 2005: 47, 53 (found in a study on the association with the type of source: limnokrene, rheokrene, or helokrene in Schlesig-Holstein; see paper for details, as well as Anhang A2-A10). Distribution. Schacht, 2005: 5 (checklist Bayern). Distribution. Wittrock, 2005: 84 (loc(s) Schleswig-Holstein). Distribution. Ruckert et al., 2007: 56 (loc(s) Schleswig-Holstein). Distribution. Hable et al., 2010b: 91, 117 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Schacht, 2010: 17 (checklist Diptera Bayern). Distribution. Dunk and Kraus, 2014: 170 (loc(s) Bayern). Distribution. Reiff et al., 2015: 234 (loc(s) Baden-Wurttemberg with list of habitats). Distribution. Dunk, 2018: 80, 96 (loc(s) Bayern with list of habtats). Distribution. Stuke, 2019: 143-144 (checklist Niedersachsen and Bremen with reference to original sources). Distribution. Kehlmaier et al., 2023: 209 (loc(s) Saarland). Distribution. Stuke et al., 2024: 161 (loc(s) Niedersachsen). Great Britain Distribution. Godfrey, 2000a: 20, 23 (see paper for details of sites surveyed in Shropshire and into Wales). Distribution. Godfrey, 2001a: 22, 24 (recorded from sites in Shropshire and just over the country border in Montgmeryshire; see paper for details). Distribution. Alexander, 2002: 90 (distr). Distribution. Godfrey, 2003a: 22, 43 (loc(s), distr). Distribution. Corbet, 2004: 128 (loc(s) Durnbarnie Links, western Scotland). Distribution. Hewitt et al., 2005: 38 (loc(s) Cumbria) (as tripunctata). Distribution. Stubbs, 2006a: 134 (loc(s), behaviour and feeding on Acer pseudoplatanus leaves). Distribution. Boardman, 2007: 84 (distr, map). Distribution. Kramer, 2008a: 6 (loc(s) Scotland). Distribution. Skidmore, 2009: 129 (review of occurrence on the Western Isles of Scotland, distr). Distribution. Drake, 2011a: 24 (loc(s) Devon). Distribution. Kramer, 2011j: 23 (loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55)). Distribution. Kramer, 2013i: 8 (checklist of species from Leigh Woods NNR, Bristol district). Distribution. Hewitt, 2014: (provisional checklist Cumbrian Diptera). Distribution. Kramer, 2014c: 4 (in table of cranefly species recorded at Shapwick Heath NNR, as given in H. Audcent, 1949 and/or collected by J. Kramer in 2013). Distribution. Wolton et al., 2014: 27 (among Diptera associated with a hedge in Devon). Distribution. Chandler, 2015: 90 (loc(s) Bushy Park, Middlesex). Distribution. Brighton, 2017c: 29 (overall regional checklist Lancashire and Cheshire (VC58, 59 and 60) with notes on habitats and/or regional occurrence and/or status; see paper for details). Distribution. Kramer and Morris, 2022b: 24 (info on the species, on the distr and map of loc(s) Leicestershire and Rutland (VC55); usually encountered in shaded grassy places). Greece First record. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 46, 50, 56 (commonly found in wet wooded, and humid ecosystems, having semi-aquatic larvae (Drake 2011, Kolcsár et al. 2013); collected here in Willow [Salix sp.] forest along the Nestos River, Xanthi prov., map). Ireland Distribution. Ashe et al., 2008: 11 (additional Irish record(s), distr). Distribution. Chandler et al., 2008: 13 (checklist). Israel Distribution. Stary and Freidberg, 2007: 303, 305, 345, 349 (only known from older literature, confirmation required, distr). Italy Distribution. Stary, 2002a: 106 (loc(s)). Distribution. Stary, 2003a: 125 (loc(s)). Distribution. Podenas and Podeniene, 2008: 348, 351-352 (loc(s), annotated checklist South Tyrol [Prov. Bolzano]). Kazakhstan Distribution. Devyatkov, 2019b: 247 (loc(s) Pavlodarskaya oblast, distr) (in Russian). Distribution. Devyatkov, 2020a: 53 (loc(s) East Kazakhstan, distr) (in Russian). Latvia Distribution. Stary, 2004f: (Fauna Europaea: added Latvia). Lithuania Distribution. Pakalniskis et al., 2006: 21 (checklist). Distribution. Gorban and Podeniene, 2022: 5, 8 (loc(s); reared from Linden [Tilia cordata], species with a typical development habitat in moist soil or leaf litter; see paper for details). Luxembourg Distribution. Vogtenhuber, 2007: 354 (loc(s)). Montenegro Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 55 (4 loc(s), map). Morocco First record. Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: 16 (loc(s), distr). Distribution. Driauach et al., 2013: 189 (review Limoniidae records of Morocco, loc(s)). Distribution. Driauach and Belqat, 2016: 142 (loc(s) Rif Mts with list of habitats). Distribution. Kettani and Oosterbroek, 2022a: 27 (annotated checklist, with review loc(s) and/or references). Netherlands Distribution. Jong and Oosterbroek, 2002b: 34 (checklist). Distribution. Cuppen, 2009: 7 (loc(s) larval records). Distribution. Hoven, 2019: 20 (loc(s) Gaasterland). Distribution. Steenis, 2019: 15 (loc(s) Noord-Brabant, Biesbosch). Distribution. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: 16 (Limoniidae and Tipulidae Nationaal Park Hollandse Duinen in 2018, Zuid-Holland). Distribution. Stary, 2020a: 45 (Limoniidae Kaaistoep, Noord-Brabant). Distribution. Hoven, 2024: 13 (loc(s) Limburg). North Macedonia Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Norway Distribution. Olsen et al., 2018: 162-163 (annotated checklist Nordic countries and for Norway according to the Strand regions). Distribution. Olsen and Andersen, 2021: 215 (loc(s) Innlandet, in former Hedmark, with habitats specified separately, for habitats see also Jonassen and Andersen, 2020). Poland Distribution. Chaniecka and Wiedenska, 2006: 149 (loc(s)). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2007a: 75 (checklist). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2008: 46-47 (loc(s) Parowy Janinowski nature reserve near Lodz) (in Polish). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2010: 133 (loc(s) Parku Krajobrazowego Wzniesien Lodzkich, Lodz). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2014: 14 (on the occurence of Limoniidae in six selected plant communities in the Kamienica Valley, Gorce National Park, Western Carpathians; data based on Chaniecka and Wiedenska, 2006) (in Polish, habitat tables also in English). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2015b: 56 (loc(s) near Lodz). Distribution. Wiedenska, 2017a: 23 (faunistic and habitat data of species from the Gorce NP) (in Polish). Distribution. Palaczyk and Klasa, 2021: 173 (list of Diptera in Catalogue of the fauna of the Ojcow National Park) (as sylvicola; the synonym Limonia tripunctata (no author) from Tomek's 1988 article has been misinterpreted here as L. sylvicola - in this case it should in fact be L. phragmitidis (M. Syratt, pers. comm., january 2023). Distribution. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: 148 (loc(s) Bieszczady Mountains, distr and remarks). Portugal First record. Oosterbroek et al., 2020: 335 (loc(s) four provinces, distr). Romania Distribution. Parvu, 2003: 233 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2004: 186 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2005: 149 (loc(s)). Distribution. Parvu, 2006: 261 (loc(s)). Distribution. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: 256 (loc(s) eastern Carpathians). Distribution. Parvu, 2007: 234 (loc(s) Maramures Depression). Distribution. Ujvarosi, 2007: 228-231 (checklist Limoniidae). Distribution. Parvu, 2008: 418 (loc(s) Bucuresti and surroundings, citing Astanei, 1979). Distribution. Parvu, 2009: 448 (on some Diptera from Bucuresti and its surroundings). Distribution. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: 109 (loc(s) Dupa Lanca marshy area near Voslobeni) (in Hungarian, species list with habitat information in English). Distribution. Keresztes, 2012: 31 (loc(s) Rimetea area [Alba County]). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2013: 70, 72 (loc(s) Cluj-Napoca and surroundings; list of habitats with altitudes; one of the most abundant and most frequent species; a rather common species in wet and humid ecosystems). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 53-58 (53 loc(s), map). Russia Distribution. Lantsov, 2003c: 104 (loc(s) Caucasus region, distr). Distribution. Lantsov, 2003e: 85 (loc(s) Caucasus region, distr). Distribution. Lantsov, 2004: 64 (loc(s) Caucasus region, distr). Distribution. Paramonov, 2004b: 54, 63-69 (English version: 17, 22-29) (loc(s) RUW: Novgorodskaya oblast) (as tripunctata). Distribution. Paramonov, 2011: 42 (loc(s)) RUE: Mariy El Rep.). Distribution. Jakovlev et al., 2014: 310 (loc(s) RUN: Kareliya). Distribution. Lantsov in litt., 2014: (North Caucasus, no further locality details presented). Distribution. Paramonov and Klepikov, 2014: 36 (loc(s) Yaroslavskaya oblast). Distribution. Gavryushin in litt., 2015a: (loc(s) RUE: Bashkortostan Rep.). Distribution. Lantsov, 2015a: 366 (North Caucasus: loc(s) Karachay-Cherkess Rep.). Distribution. Paramonov, 2015: 69 (loc(s) RUS: Saratovskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Ruchin and Pilipenko, 2015: 58 (loc(s), checklist RUC: Mordoviya Rep.). Distribution. Lantsov, 2016: 165-170 (on craneflies from Arkhyz, Karachay-Cherkessia Rep., North Caucasus) (in Russian). Distribution. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: 100 (loc(s) RUC: Tverskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Lantsov, 2017b: 107 (on dominant species of the crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea) of the North Caucasus as biological indicators of habitats) (in Russian). Distribution. Paramonov, 2017a: 172 (loc(s) RUC: Chuvash Rep.) (in Russian). Distribution. Lantsov and Pilipenko, 2018: 79 (first information about limoniids crane flies of the North Caucasus: Krasnodarskiy kray: the Utrish reserve and adjacent areas) (in Russian). Distribution. Paramonov, 2018a: 183-184 (loc(s) RUC: Chuvash Rep., distr) (in Russian). Distribution. Paramonov, 2018b: 61 (loc(s) RUS: Saratovskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Pilipenko, 2018: 17 (loc(s) Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Krasnodarskiy kray) (in Russian). Distribution. Belyaev and Farisenkov, 2019: 8 (used in a study on allometry of wing shape and venation in Diptera, material was collected in RUC: Moskovskaya oblast). Distribution. Paramonov, 2019b: 102 (loc(s) RUS: Saratovskaya oblast) (in Russian). Distribution. Pilipenko et al., 2020: 361 (loc(s) RUC: Mordoviya Rep., distr). Serbia Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Distribution. Gavryushin in litt., 2015b: (loc(s) Serbia). Distribution. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: 50, 57-58 (8 loc(s), map). Slovakia Distribution. Stary, 2009d: 37 (loc(s) Polana area). Distribution. Stary, 2009i: webpage (checklist). Slovenia Distribution. Oosterbroek and Simova-Tosic, 2004: 448 (review literature). Spain Distribution. Eiroa and Baez, 2002a: 55 (checklist). Distribution. Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: 16 (loc(s), Spanish provinces, distr). Distribution. Hancock et al., 2015a: 241 (loc(s) Lugo). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2016: 124 (Barcelona: checklist Parc Natural Serra de Collserola). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2017: 188 (Barcelona: loc(s) Parc Natural Serra de Collserola). Distribution. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: 27 (loc(s) Lerida, distr). Distribution. Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: 132 (loc(s) Gerona, list of Spanish provinces, distr) (in Spanish). Distribution. Mederos et al., 2019b: 213 (Barcelona: checklist Parc Natural Serra de Collserola). Distribution. Keresztes et al., 2022: 196 (loc(s) Asturias and review distribution in Spain) (in Spanish). Sweden Distribution. Salmela, 2010b: 134 (loc(s) Malmo). Distribution. Fritz and Lindstrom, 2013: 62 (loc(s) Hallands County) (in Schwedish). Switzerland Distribution. Podenas et al., 2006: 173, 280 (map, vertical distr per thermic level). Distribution. Dufour and Merz, 2012: 355, 356 (annotated checklist canton Geneva, with note on synonymy). Turkey Distribution. Koc, 2004: 110, 116-118, 154 (loc(s), distr, map) (in Turkish). Distribution. Koc et al., 2005b: 616 (checklist). Distribution. Ozgul et al., 2009: 64 (survey provinces SW Turkey). Distribution. Bilgin et al., 2015: 6 (loc(s) Eskisehir, distr) (in Turkish). Distribution. Koc et al., 2016: 12 (provinces Marmara region). Distribution. Akpinar and Ozgul, 2023: 55 (loc(s) Aksaray). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra Eiroa and Baez, 2002a: month(s): 7. Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: month(s): 6. Austria Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 5. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: month(s): 6-7. Aistleitner et al., 2024: month(s): 5. Azerbaijan Stary et al., 2018: month(s): 5. Stary and Obona, 2020: month(s): 5. Belarus Paramonov and Sushko, 2010: month(s): 6. Gavryushin in litt., 2013d: month(s): 7. Paramonov, 2019a: month(s): 6. Belgium Martens et al., 2014: month(s): 5. Dek and Peeters, 2023a: month(s): 5-6. Bosnia-Herzegowina Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 5. Bulgaria Hubenov, 2015: month(s): 5-6. Hubenov, 2016: month(s): 5-6. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 6. China Ren and Yang, 2020: month(s): 7. Croatia Kolcsar et al., 2015a: month(s): 6. Kolcsar et al., 2023b: month(s): 4. Czech Rep. Stary et al., 2005a: month(s): 5-7. Stary et al., 2013b: month(s): 9. Stary and Vonicka, 2018: month(s): (4)5-6. Denmark Haarder and Makol, 2022: month(s): 5. Estonia Kolcsar et al., 2021b: month(s): 7. Finland Salmela, 2001a: month(s): 6-7. France Kramer and Withers, 2007: month(s): 5-6. Kramer, 2007a: month(s): 6. Kramer and Langlois, 2019b: month(s): 6. Quindroit, 2020a: month(s): 4-7. Quindroit, 2020b: month(s): 4-6. Quindroit and Lemoine, 2022a: month(s): 4-6. Lemoine and Quindroit, 2023: month(s): 4-6. Georgia Stary and Obona, 2020: month(s): 4-5, 7. Lantsov, 2022c: month(s): 5-6. Germany Reiff et al., 2015: month(s): 5-6, 8. Dunk, 2018: month(s): 5-7. Kehlmaier et al., 2023: month(s): 6. Stuke et al., 2024: month(s): 6. Great Britain Godfrey, 2000a: month(s): 6. Godfrey, 2001a: month(s): 5. Corbet, 2004: month(s): 6, 9. Stubbs, 2006a: month(s): 5. Boardman, 2007: month(s): 4-7. Kramer, 2008a: month(s): 6. Kramer, 2011j: month(s): 5-6. Kramer, 2014c: month(s): 5. Chandler, 2015: month(s): 5. Greece Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 5. Ireland Ashe et al., 2008: month(s): 6. Italy Podenas and Podeniene, 2008: month(s): 6-8. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2019b: month(s): 6. Devyatkov, 2020a: month(s): 6-8. Luxembourg Vogtenhuber, 2007: month(s): 5-6. Montenegro Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 5. Morocco Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: month(s): 6. Driauach and Belqat, 2016: month(s): 6. Netherlands Hoven, 2019: month(s): 5. Oosterbroek and Dek, 2020: month(s): 5-6. Hoven, 2024: month(s): 5. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2021: month(s): 6-7. Poland Wiedenska, 2008: month(s): 5-6. Wiedenska, 2014: month(s): 6-7. Wiedenska, 2015a: month(s): 7-8. Wiedenska, 2017a: month(s): 6-8. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: month(s): 6-8. Portugal Oosterbroek et al., 2020: month(s): 4-5. Romania Parvu, 2003: month(s): 6. Parvu, 2004: month(s): 6-7. Parvu, 2005: month(s): 5-6. Parvu, 2006: month(s): 6-7. Parvu, 2007: month(s): 6. Parvu, 2009: month(s): 5. Ujvarosi et al., 2011b: month(s): 5-6. Kolcsar et al., 2013: month(s): 4-6, 8. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 4-8. Russia Lantsov, 2003c: month(s): 5, 7. Lantsov, 2003e: month(s): 5, 7. Lantsov, 2004: month(s): 5-6. Paramonov, 2011: month(s): 6. Paramonov and Klepikov, 2014: month(s): 6-7. Gavryushin in litt., 2015a: month(s): 7. Lantsov, 2015a: month(s): 7. Paramonov, 2015: month(s): 6-7. Ruchin and Pilipenko, 2015: month(s): 5. Paramonov and Pilipenko, 2016: month(s): 5-6. Paramonov, 2017a: month(s): 6. Lantsov and Pilipenko, 2018: month(s): 5. Paramonov, 2018a: month(s): 6-7. Paramonov, 2018b: month(s): 7. Paramonov, 2019b: month(s): 7. Pilipenko et al., 2020: month(s): 5-7. Serbia Gavryushin in litt., 2015b: month(s): 4, 7. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: month(s): 4-6. Slovakia Stary, 2009d: month(s): 5-7. Spain Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: month(s): 5-7. Hancock et al., 2015a: month(s): 5. Mederos and Eiroa, 2017: month(s): 4-5. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: month(s): 6. Eiroa and Carles-Tolra, 2019: month(s): 5. Keresztes et al., 2022: month(s): 6. Switzerland Podenas et al., 2006: month(s): 4-10. Turkey Koc, 2004: month(s): 5-6. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Andorra Eiroa and Baez, 2002a: altitude: 1500 m. Austria Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 157 m. Vogtenhuber and Kofler, 2017: altitude: 630-1920 m. Aistleitner et al., 2024: altitude: 416 m. Azerbaijan Stary et al., 2018: altitude: 730 m. Stary and Obona, 2020: altitude: 320 m. Bosnia-Herzegowina Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 5 m. Bulgaria Hubenov, 2015: altitude: 1230-1350 m. Hubenov, 2016: altitude: 1147 m. Hubenov, 2017: altitude: 1147-1350 m. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 804-1420 m. Hubenov, 2021a: altitude: 0-1350 m. Hubenov, 2025a: altitude: 0-1350 m. Hubenov, 2025b: altitude: 0-1350 m. China Ren and Yang, 2020: altitude: 1040-1270 m. Croatia Kolcsar et al., 2015a: altitude: 368 m. Kolcsar et al., 2023b: altitude: 170 m. Estonia Kolcsar et al., 2021b: altitude: 5 m. France Labat, 2021: altitude: 580-1101 m. Quindroit, 2021c: altitude: 1400-2000 m. Georgia Lantsov, 2022c: altitude: 33-156 m. Germany Reiff et al., 2015: altitude: 590-666 m. Stuke et al., 2024: altitude: 150-270 m. Greece Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 48 m. Italy Stary, 2003a: altitude: 1300-1600 m. Podenas and Podeniene, 2008: altitude: 1220-1630 m. Kazakhstan Devyatkov, 2019b: altitude: 384 m. Devyatkov, 2020a: altitude: 300-1468 m. Montenegro Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 19-1440 m. Morocco Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: altitude: 1700 m. Driauach and Belqat, 2016: altitude: 1600 m. Kettani and Oosterbroek, 2022a: altitude: 1700 m. Norway Olsen and Andersen, 2021: altitude: 251 m. Poland Wiedenska, 2017a: altitude: 800-1010 m. Wiedenska and Syratt, 2023: altitude: 420-800 m. Romania Parvu, 2003: altitude: 800 m. Ujvarosi and Poti, 2006: altitude: 670 m. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 132-1720 m. Russia Lantsov, 2003c: altitude: 600-914 m. Lantsov, 2003e: altitude: 600-914 m. Lantsov in litt., 2014: altitude: 1048 m. Lantsov, 2014d: altitude: 1574-1883 m. Gavryushin in litt., 2015a: altitude: 551-777 m. Lantsov, 2015a: altitude: 1048 m. Paramonov, 2015: altitude: 302 m. Paramonov, 2018b: altitude: 302 m. Serbia Gavryushin in litt., 2015b: altitude: 800-988 m. Kolcsar et al., 2017b: altitude: 77-1600 m. Slovakia Stary, 2009d: altitude: 560-870 m. Spain Stary and Oosterbroek, 2008: altitude: 500-1050 m. Hancock et al., 2015a: altitude: 610-720 m. Mederos and Eiroa, 2018: altitude: 960-1650 m. Keresztes et al., 2022: altitude: 850-1250 m. Turkey Koc, 2004: altitude: 0-850 m.