Details for Epiphragma (Epiphragma) solatrix

Name: Epiphragma (Epiphragma) solatrix (Osten Sacken, 1860) Publication: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859: 238 (as Limnophila) Status: Recognized taxon. Classification: Family Limoniidae Subfamily Limnophilinae Revision: Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012. Descriptive note: Short description in Alexander, 1943k (reprint: 1966g). Descriptive note in Young, 1978. Nearctic Catalogue (Alexander, 1965h) incorrectly as 1859. Keys: Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012 (Nearctic Epiphragma) habitus male habitus male habitus female habitus female hypopygium plus 2 more images of wing and wing. Distribution: USA (Kans to NY, south to La and Fla);; Mexico; Cuba; Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela. Note: see the manual for abbreviations: Canada and USA. Region(s): Nearctic;; Neotropic General note: Added: Kans (Young, 1978), Brazil (Osten Sacken, 1869; Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012), Venezuela (Alexander, 1947r, 1950d). Biology: Alexander, 1916f, 1919e (habitat). Alexander, 1920r (immature stages, biology). Young, 1978; Young and Gelhaus, 2000 (habitat, phenology). Figure references: Wing: Alexander, 1919e; Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012; ; Oosterbroek et al., 2024a Hypopygium: Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012 Immature stages Larva: Alexander, 1920r Pupa: Alexander, 1920r Citations on biology (mainly from 2000 onward): Nearctic Biology. Beza-Beza et al., 2024: 6 (mentioned in a study on the evolutionary pathways to wood-feeding in insects). USA Habitat. Byers, 2002: 20 (much the same as fasciapenne; (larvae in damp rotten wood, sometimes found together with larvae of fasciapenne, citing Rogers, 1933a)). Phenology. Petersen, 2003: 94 (period of flight in relation to altitude). Biology. Byers and Rossman, 2004: 888 (habitat: found on a sandy creek bottom in a deeply dissected bluffland hardwood forest; phenology: probably two generations each year). Biology. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: 363, 374 (adults were common in bottomland forests, swamp margins, and moist thickets in Kans (Young 1978), and the adult flight season in Kans showed a bivoltine pattern, in may to mid-june, and mid-july to mid-september; in Pa, adults were found from early may through mid-october, with peaks in latemay through early july, and again in late august (Young and Gelhaus 2000). Rogers (1933a) noted that adults in Fla were active mostly at night, resting during the day in low vegetation, and often on moist logs; larvae are found in rotting and sodden wood (Rogers 1933a; Alexander 1948g; Young 1978) and material examined). on characters and taxonomy (mainly from 2000 onward): Country not relevant Phylogeny. Bertone, 2008: 1-282 (included in phylogenetic study on macroevolutionary relationships among families of lower Diptera (Insecta): molecular systematics, divergence times and a phylogeny of the Tipulidae sensu lato). Phylogeny. Petersen et al., 2010a: 526-543 (member of a detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic study into the higher-level classification of the Tipuloidea). USA Revision. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: 358, 363, 364, 367-374 (review, descr, key, comprizon, figs). on distribution (mainly from 2000 onward): Argentina Distribution. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: 373-374 (loc(s) Palo Blanco). Cuba First record. Mederos in litt., 2008: (recorded from Cuba). Distribution. Oosterbroek et al., 2024a: 23 (overview craneflies West Indies with relevant reference(s) per island). Mexico Distribution. Contreras-Ramos and Gelhaus, 2002: 594 (checklist Mexico). Distribution. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: 373-374 (loc(s) Chiapas, Veracruz). USA Distribution. Byers, 2002: 20 (loc(s) Va, distr). Distribution. Byers and Rossman, 2004: 888 (loc(s) La). Distribution. Petersen et al., 2005: 7 (loc(s) Great Smoky Mountains National Park). Distribution. Bertone, 2008: table 1 (USA, NC, no further data). Distribution. Byers et al., 2008: 375 (loc(s) Ark). Distribution. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: 373-374 (loc(s), distr). Distribution. Brodo et al., 2022a: 53 (list of Tipuloidea collected in the NY, Putnam County, town of Kent). on flight period (mainly from 2000 onward): Argentina Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: month(s): 10. Mexico Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: month(s): 5-6. USA Byers, 2002: month(s): 5, 7-8. Petersen, 2003: month(s): 4-10. Byers and Rossman, 2004: month(s): 3, 9-11. Byers et al., 2008: month(s): 5. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: month(s): 4-10. on altitude (mainly from 2000 onward): Mexico Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: altitude: 800-1283 m. USA Byers, 2002: altitude: 534-1174 m. Petersen et al., 2005: altitude: 457-594 m. Gelhaus and Ruggeri, 2012: altitude: 9-610 m.